Upper Egypt, farthest from the centre of government, was less immediately affected, even though Ptolemy I established the Greek colony of Ptolemais Hermiou to be its capital. Over time, the Greeks in Egypt became somewhat homogenized and the cultural distinctions between immigrants from different regions of Greece became blurred.[84]. The material and literary splendour of the Alexandrian court was at its height under Ptolemy II. Unter Mitwirkung des Verfassers bearbeitet von ... G. L. Kriegk. However, there are many examples of nearly identical sistrums and columns dating all the way to Dynasty 18 in the New Kingdom. Throughout, Ptolemy IV is presented as taking on the role of Horus who avenges his father by defeating the forces of disorder led by the god Set. That the city flourished in Ptolemaic times "we may see by the quantity of imported amphorae, of which the handles stamped at Rhodes and elsewhere are found so abundantly." The navy operated throughout the eastern Mediterranean, Aegean Sea, and Levantine Sea, and along the Nile, patrolling as far as the Red Sea towards the Indian Ocean. When Ptolemy I Soter made himself king of Egypt, he created a new god, Serapis, to garner support from both Greeks and Egyptians. Ptolemy I Soter, founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty was an opportunistic bastard. Serbinum on Ptolemaic map exandrian reckoning and even giving complete Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables. Caesar agreed to support Cleopatra's claim to the throne. According to Plutarch, the Alexandrians believed that Alexander the Great's motivation to build the city was his wish to "found a large and populous Greek city that should bear his name." [24] It was a key academic, literary and scientific centre in antiquity.[25]. Mark Antony's alliance with Cleopatra angered Rome even more. Francis. Yet if they had no place of political assembly, they often had their own gymnasium, the essential sign of Hellenism, serving something of the purpose of a university for the young men. [61] Similarly, units were grouped and equipped based on ethnicity. xvi, 286pp. His domestic policy differed from his father's in that he patronised the native Egyptian religion more liberally: he left larger traces among the Egyptian monuments. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, Egypt - Phoenicia - Palestine (Kiepert, Atlas Antiquus - Map 3).jpg, 1123 of '(F. C. Schlosser's Weltgeschichte für das deutsche Volk. Following the Syrian Wars with the Seleucid Empire, a rival Hellenistic state, the Ptolemaic Kingdom stretched it's territories from eastern Libya to the Sinai and northern Nubia. 解説 8vo. Greek culture was so much bound up with the life of the city-state that any king who wanted to present himself to the world as a genuine champion of Hellenism had to do something in this direction, but the king of Egypt, ambitious to shine as a Hellene, would find Greek cities, with their republican tradition and aspirations to independence, inconvenient elements in a country that lent itself, as no other did, to bureaucratic centralization. [26] The influence of Greek art was shown in an emphasis on the face that was not previously present in Egyptian art and incorporation of Greek elements into an Egyptian setting: individualistic hairstyles, the oval face, “round [and] deeply set” eyes, and the small, tucked mouth closer to the nose. In 221 BC, Ptolemy III died and was succeeded by his son Ptolemy IV Philopator, a weak king whose rule precipitated the decline of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. The decree records the military success of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III and their benefactions to the Egyptian priestly elite. This attracted recruits from across the eastern Mediterranean, who were sometimes referred to misthophoroi xenoi — literally "foreigners paid with a salary". Philip seized several islands and places in Caria and Thrace, while the battle of Panium in 200 BC transferred Coele-Syria from Ptolemaic to Seleucid control. Beginning with the Second Syrian War (260–253 BC), the navy suffered a series of defeats and declined in military importance, which coincided with the loss of Egypt's overseas possessions and the erosion of its maritime hegemony. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. When Alexander died, the Hellenistic empire died with him but separated into multiple nation states. The Ptolemaic Dynasty ruled Egypt and much of the eastern Mediterranean basin for nearly 300 years. Philometor's younger brother (later Ptolemy VIII Physcon) was installed as king by the Ptolemaic court in Alexandria. This custom made Ptolemaic politics confusingly incestuous, and the later Ptolemies were increasingly feeble. The main Roman interest in Egypt was always the reliable delivery of grain to the city of Rome. [36], In Ptolemaic art, the idealism seen in the art of previous dynasties continues, with some alterations. Beginning under Ptolemy I Soter, Macedonians and other Greeks were given land grants and allowed to settle with their families, encouraging tens of thousands of Greek mercenaries and soldiers to immigrate where they became a landed class of royal soldiers. In many respects, the Egyptian religion thrived: temples became centers of learning and literature in the traditional Egyptian style. Map of Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods Load map The coordinates shown for all tentative sites were produced as a community effort. Nevertheless, the Ptolemies remained generally supportive of the Egyptian religion, which always remained key to their legitimacy. Antiochus III the Great of The Seleucid Empire and Philip V of Macedon made a compact to seize the Ptolemaic possessions. The demise of the Ptolemies' power coincided with the growing dominance of the Roman Republic. Eventually, a bilingual and bicultural social class emerged in Ptolemaic Egypt. Vines from regions like Crete were planted in Egypt in an attempt to produce Greek wines. Ptolemy III initiated construction on it on 23 August 237 BC. He had instead taken the opportunity to secure Coele-Syria and Palestine, in breach of the agreement assigning it to Seleucus, thereby setting the scene for the future Syrian Wars. Ptolemy XIII's forces were ultimately defeated at the Battle of the Nile and the king was killed in the conflict, reportedly drowning in the Nile while attempting to flee with his remaining army. [70] The navy reached its height following the victory of Ptolemy II during the First Syrian War (274–271 BC), succeeding in repelling both Seleucid and Macedonian control of the eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean. [66], Like the army, the origins and traditions of the Ptolemaic navy were rooted in the wars following the death of Alexander in 320 BC. 56-57, Flavius Josephus "Antiquities of the Jews" Book 12 Ch. Ptolemy V Epiphanes, son of Philopator and Arsinoë, was a child when he came to the throne, and a series of regents ran the kingdom. Ruling for nearly three centuries, the Ptolemies were the longest and final Egyptian dynasty. [43] The worship of Isis and Horus became more popular, as did the practice of offering animal mummies. They soon fell out, however, and quarrels between the two brothers allowed Rome to interfere and to steadily increase its influence in Egypt. This victory marked the zenith of the Ptolemaic power. Ptolemy's first wife, Arsinoe I, daughter of Lysimachus, was the mother of his legitimate children. He left Cleomenes of Naucratis as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt in his absence. The Zeno papyri show that it was the chief port of call on the inland voyage from Memphis to Alexandria, as well as a stopping-place on the land-route from Pelusium to the capital. By Cleopatra's time, Rome had achieved a massive amount of influence over Egyptian politics and finances to the point that the Roman senate was eventually declared the guardian of the Ptolemaic Dynasty by Cleopatra's father, Ptolemy XII, who had paid vast sums of Egyptian wealth and resources in tribute to the Romans in order to regain and secure his throne following the rebellion and brief coup led by his older daughters, Tryphaena and Berenice IV. Traditionally, Ptolemaic royal siblings were married to one another on ascension to the throne. He was taken by his remaining soldiers to Cleopatra, who had barricaded herself in her mausoleum, where he died soon after. In 1990, more than 2,000 papyri written by Zeno of Caunus from the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus were discovered, which contained at least 19 references to Arabs in the area between the Nile and the Red Sea, and mentioned their jobs as police officers in charge of "ten person units", and some others were mentioned as shepherds. Ptolemy successfully defended Egypt against an invasion by Perdiccas in 321 BC, and consolidated his position in Egypt and the surrounding areas during the Wars of the Diadochi (322–301 BC). Egypt had only three main Greek cities—Alexandria, Naucratis, and Ptolemais. Alexander and his Seleucid successors founded many Greek cities all over their dominions. [5] Ruling for nearly three centuries, the Ptolemies were the longest and final Egyptian dynasty of ancient origin. When Alexander the Great arrived, he established Alexandria on the site of the Persian fort of Rhakortis. His growth and popularity reflected a deliberate policy by the Ptolemaic state, and was characteristic of the dynasty's use of Egyptian religion to legitimize their rule and strengthen their control. Other scholars operating under Ptolemy's aegis included the mathematician Euclid and the astronomer Aristarchus. Macedonians and other Greeks now formed the new upper classes, replacing the old native aristocracy. After the death of their father, Cleopatra VII and her younger brother Ptolemy XIII inherited the throne and were married. Nevertheless, his ministers were able to make serious preparations to meet the attacks of Antiochus III the Great on Coele-Syria, and the great Egyptian victory of Raphia in 217 BC secured the kingdom. [63] Some modern historians characterize Egypt during this period as a thalassocracy, owing to its innovation of "traditional styles of Mediterranean sea power", which allowed its rulers to "exert power and influence in unprecedented ways". This portrayal refers to the myth of Horus triumphing over dangerous animals in the marshes of Khemmis with magic power (also known as Akhmim).[44][45]. No further mention is made of Cleopatra and Antony's sons in the known historical texts of that time, but their daughter Cleopatra Selene was eventually married through arrangement by Octavian into the Mauretanian royal line. Egyptian priests and other religious authorities enjoyed royal patronage and support, more or less retaining their historical privileged status. She reigned as queen "philopator" and pharaoh with various male co-regents from 51 to 30 BC when she died at the age of 39. 2, Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads, Prof. Jan Retso, Page: 301, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Ancient Egypt - Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt (332–30 bce)", http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acha/hd_acha.htm, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/alex/hd_alex.htm, "Bronze statuette of Horus | Egyptian, Ptolemaic | Hellenistic | The Met", "Faience amulet of Mut with double crown | Egyptian, Ptolemaic | Hellenistic | The Met", "Marble head of a Ptolemaic queen | Greek | Hellenistic | The Met", "Statuette of Arsinoe II for her Posthumous Cult | Ptolemaic Period | The Met", "Army and Egyptian Temple Building Under the Ptolemies", "Egyptian Art During the Ptolemaic Period of Egyptian History", The Ptolemies, the Sea and the Nile: Studies in Waterborne Power, Novel Ptolemaic naval power: Arsinoë II, Ptolemy II, and Cleopatra VII’s innovative thalassocracies, "The Nile Police in the Ptolemaic Period", in: K. Buraselis – M. Stefanou – D.J. [37], Despite the unification of Greek and Egyptian elements in the intermediate Ptolemaic period, the Ptolemaic Kingdom also featured prominent temple construction as a continuation of developments based on Egyptian art tradition from the Thirtieth Dynasty. He arrived in Alexandria and easily defeated Mark Antony's remaining forces outside the city. Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter invaded Egypt and declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and the Roman conquest in 30 BC.The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Many rulers also promoted individual cults of personality, including celebrations at Egyptian temples. Ptolemy I Soter, (born 367/366 bc, Macedonia—died 283/282, Egypt), Macedonian general of Alexander the Great, who became ruler of Egypt (323–285 bc) and founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty, which reigned longer than any other dynasty established on the soil of the Alexandrian empire and only succumbed to the Romans in 30 bc. Subsequently, uprising and social unrest were frequent, especially by the early third century BC. The wife of Ptolemy II, Arsinoe II, was often depicted in the form of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, but she wore the crown of lower Egypt, with ram's horns, ostrich feathers, and other traditional Egyptian indicators of royalty and/or deification; she wore the vulture headdress only on the religious portion of a relief. Ptolemy XI was succeeded by a son of Ptolemy IX, Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos, nicknamed Auletes, the flute-player. These magical stelae were made of various materials such as limestone, chlorite schist, and metagreywacke, and were connected with matters of health and safety. [15] Hellenistic culture would acquire an important influence on Kush at this time. We have still, inscribed on stone, decrees passed in the assembly of the people of Ptolemais, couched in the regular forms of Greek political tradition: It seemed good to the boule and to the demos: Hermas son of Doreon, of the deme Megisteus, was the proposer: Whereas the prytaneis who were colleagues with Dionysius the son of Musaeus in the 8th year, etc. Few mutinies and revolts are recorded, and even rebellious troops would be placated with land grants and other incentives. Land Forces,” in. But Greeks continued to staff most of the administrative offices and Greek remained the language of government except at the highest levels. Framed in by the barren hills of the Nile Valley and the Egyptian sky, here a Greek city arose, with its public buildings and temples and theatre, no doubt exhibiting the regular architectural forms associated with Greek culture, with a citizen-body Greek in blood, and the institutions of a Greek city. MONEY IN PTOLEMAIC EGYPT When Alexander the Great conquered Egypt he introduced coinage into a country whose economy and administration had worked with-out it for millennia. Many Jews were imported from neighboring Judea by the thousands for being renowned fighters, also establishing an important community. More than any previous foreign rulers, the Ptolemies retained or co-opted many aspects of the Egyptian social order, using Egyptian religion, traditions, and political structures to increase their own power and wealth. Ptolemy III had introduced an important innovation in 238 BC by holding a synod of all the priests of Egypt at Canopus. 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