Arriving in Cuba, Weyler began a brutal campaign against the Cuban people which involved the use of concentration camps in rebellious provinces. To combat this, the Spanish government dispatched General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau to crush the rebels. [46], The union or departure from the community was free. On November 2, the Popular Executive Committee of Valencia approved a new action program that subordinated it to the policy of Largo Caballero's Republican Government, which included the CNT members Juan García Oliver, Juan López Sánchez, Federica Montseny and Juan Peiró. When the United States declared war on Spain in 1898, the U.S. Army was shorthanded. [73], Various communities also carried out other initiatives such as the creation of libraries, artistic activities, a cinema forum,[74] the creation of theater groups, athenaeums,[75] the foundation of its own academies,[76] or nursery schools. Andrea Oltmares, professor in the University of Geneva, in the course of an address of some length, said: It was at this stage, with Franco’s forces facing the possibility of defeat, that the civil war became a war of intervention against the Spanish people and their right to self-government. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. [45] Throughout the war they were present in the political and economic approaches of each formation, being in a way another of the ideological battlefields within the Republican side. Why did the United States not fight in the Spanish Civil War? The governments of Germany, Italy, --and to a lesser extent Portugal—contributed money, munitions, manpower and support to Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco.The government of the Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent France and … This phenomenon has been called "collectivization." [95] Other radical commentators, however, have incorporated the limitations of the Spanish Revolution into their theories of anti-capitalist revolution. Nevertheless, the confederal militias were militarized into the Spanish Republican Army in 1937. Seventeen years later, in 1895, the Cubans again rose up in the revolution. They also had great problems in their relationship with the state, as the collectivities were an expression of power outside the state and also as ideological rivals of the communism that dominated the government. Under this system, the cost of goods was often a little more than a quarter of the previous cost. The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans under Francisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrín. In almost all the industries, factories, mills, workshops, transportation services, public services, and utilities, the rank and file workers, their revolutionary committees, and their syndicates reorganized and administered production, distribution, and public services without capitalists, high salaried managers, or the authority of the state. The Catalan Anarchists belong to the advance guard of the coming revolution. Rockefeller, if you were to come to Fraga with your entire bank account you would not be able to buy a cup of coffee. This council was elected in a workers' assembly to which they were responsible. Surplus goods were exchanged with other Anarchist towns and villages, money being used only for transactions with those communities that had not adopted the new system. However, its influence in neighboring regions is evident. [28] In this case the Management fell to a board of directors made up of less than fifteen people in which all the productive and service levels of the company were involved and in which the trade union centrals had to be proportionally represented. The influence of citizens in the internal affairs of other countries, a practice throughout history, is, then, something to consider. This is how they suffered discrimination in the financing of the IRA, the CLUEA's competition in the Levante,[60] forced unionization in Catalunya[61] or their forced dissolution in Aragon. The coincidence of the revolution and the Spanish Civil War meant that in the military field various initiatives avre developed coordinated by the new administrations established by the revolutionary wave, most of which will be unsuccessful. On a broader organizational level, the communities aspired to organize themselves into federations following the example of Aragon. The Spanish Revolution undertook several environmental reforms which were possibly the largest in the world at the time. 1936-1939: The Spanish civil war and revolution. We therefore have 1,838,000, a minimum figure as explained at the beginning. [22] This situation led to the takeover of factories, companies and entire industries by the unions. Within the educational field there were also important experiences, although, as will be seen, these experiences had great drawbacks to carry out a more intense work. It was the choice that the Communist Party defended, since in this way it could weaken the economic power that the CNT held. Others were reformed or finished building such as the "Durruti" cinema (now "Arenas" cinema). He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrín, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. [V]illagers could find themselves under considerable pressure to collectivize – even if for different reasons. August 13: Decree of closure of religious institutions. In some towns and cities, the transformations were spontaneous and took different paths, however in a large number of cases the first step was taken in Barcelona and in the rest of Spain it was imitated. The revolution saw huge swathes of Spanish industry and agriculture socialised and run collectively by the workers … The factories were organized by workers' committees, the agricultural areas became collectivized and functioned as libertarian communes. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. Between 7,000 and 10,000 people worked in this industry, or industrial branch, during the Civil War. '[91] He also notes that the CNT Justice Minister, García Oliver, initiated the setting up of 'labour camps',[92] and that even the most principled anarchists, the Friends of Durruti, advocated "forced labour". On June 14, a new government of the Generalitat was formed, also without the anarchists and revolutionaries. On January 6, 1938, the Government published a decree prohibiting all new issuance of banknotes and coins by committees, municipalities, corporations, etc. September 28: Decree for the voluntary transfer of heads and officers of the popular militias to the Army. At the same time, administrative structures were formed outside the State, most of which had a local or regional character, exceeding these limits in specific cases; some of the most important were: In a few days the fronts of the Spanish Civil War was articulated, of which one of the main fronts in the context of the revolution was that of Aragon. A Mexican auxiliary battalion (fighting on the Republican side) marching through Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War, late 1930s. [8] The newly liberated zones worked on entirely libertarian principles; decisions were made through councils of ordinary citizens without any bureaucracy. The acute poverty of the Spanish people meant that many were drawn to Communism, Anarchism, and Socialism. In mid-February 1937, a congress was held in Caspe, the purpose of which was to create a federation of collectives attended by 500 delegates representing 80,000 Aragonese collectivists. The figure of 30 groups with an average of 220 people, that is, 6,000 people, should be considered as a maximum for the CNT and the UGT. The U.G.T. It is no exaggeration to say that the Spanish Civil War has spread out far beyond its own confines. About 40,000 foreigners fought on the Republican side in the International Brigades largely under the command of the Comintern, and 20,000 others served in medical or auxiliary units. Work place collectivization; political assassination. And in another place: "The great solidarity that existed amongst the Anarchists was due to each individual relying on his own strength and not depending on leadership. Internecine conflict compromised the Republican effort from the outset. Locally produced goods, if abundant, such as bread, wine, and olive oil, were distributed freely, while other articles could be obtained by means of coupons at the communal depot. SPANISH PARTICIPATION IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. They were made up of people who wanted to belong and the work to be done was divided among the different members. Taking 80% of the 700,000 workers in the province, we have 560,000 people, that is, with their families, a minimum of 1,020,000. The information of the people thus replaced that of power. Between 1936 and 1937, more than a hundred films were produced promoted by the production company and the distributor created by the CNT. That is surely the biggest things now being done by the workers in any part of the world." This was the first military initiative, developed on July 24, 1936, when the first voluntary militia, the Durruti Column, departed from Barcelona in the direction of Zaragoza. September 16: Decree taking government control of the Rearguard Vigilance Militia. Aragon. October 10: Decree creating Emergency Juries. Menorca was the only island in the Balearic archipelago that remained in republican hands. What was the rally cry that this event started?" These ideologies call for popular governments and the re-distribution of resources, such as l… Elimination of all institutions of state power; worker control of industrial production; implementation of libertarian socialist economy; elimination of social influence from Catholic Church; international spread of revolution to neighboring regions. A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. The SIE Films (Syndicate of the Entertainment Industry) and the Spartacus Films brand were created for the production of films. [93] However, Garcia Oliver explained his idealistic vision of justice in Valencia on December 31, 1936; common criminals would find redemption in prison through libraries, sport and theatre. The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict between—depending on their point of view—tyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. On the foreign affairs front, the war marked the emergence of the U.S. as a world power. They see that the war against Fascism and the carrying through of the Social Revolution are inseparable. The war lasted for three years and ended with Franco's victory, aided by fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. However, the repression of May 1937 strangled the Social Revolution in the streets of Barcelona and, although films continued to be made, the previous production rate slowed considerably. What 3 countries were involved in the Spanish-American War? [67], In rural areas, the collectivist movement was forced to intervene more directly than in the cities. It seems logical to me to consider a minimum of 30,000 people affected. Behind the front they are actually constructing the new Workers' Society. During May 1937 the confrontations between the supporters of the revolution and those opposed to it intensified. These differences radiated from numerous factors: the disappearance of the owner, the strength and political orientation of the workers' organizations, the existence of foreign capital in the company itself or even the destination of its products. Western intelligentsia put their trust in the Republican government, even when the popular revolution was being crushed by counter-revolution. A professional school and libraries were created, there was even a Socialized Furniture Fair in 1937. Spain played a signal role in the American Revolution as a supply source for munitions and other material for the Americans. According to this salary, it was charged according to the members of the family, increasing according to whether they were a couple or had children.[56][57]. [72], Within non-formal education there were the libertarian athenaeums or popular, social centers in which different informative, cultural or work tasks were developed. Labor unrest was widespread in the early 1930s, and the election of February 16, 1936, brought to power a leftist Popular Front government. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). On December 23, the Gijón War Committee was transformed by decree into the Interprovincial Council of Asturias and León, regulated by the Republican government authorities and more moderate in its policies, at the same time as it officially recognized the formation of the National Defense Committee. It was the inauguration of the Revolutionary Era still ongoing. They kindled in everyone the required sense of responsibility, and knew how, by eloquent appeals, to keep alive the spirit of sacrifice for the general welfare of the people. [96], This article is about the 20th century anarchist revolution. Following libertarian practices, the collectivities were governed by a structure that can be defined as "from the bottom up." [58] In the cases where money was abolished, it was used to acquire products or tools that the community could not obtain by itself. Another motive was a reaction to the Portuguese alliance with Great Britain. [62], Once the state was restructured at any of its levels, it tried to stop, direct or at least channel any revolutionary organism. The Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of the Valencian Community. Anarchist principles defended the conscious freedom of the individual and the natural duty of solidarity among human beings as an innate tool for the progress of societies. On July 26 a "Technical Commission" was appointed in charge of preparing a project that defined the new framework of work in cinemas and theaters. In this month, the central government also ordered the dissolution of the Aragón Defense Council, practically the last remaining body of revolutionary power, which was militarily occupied by Republican Army troops on August 10. a large island nation about 90 miles off the coast of Florida that was a colony of Spain until freed in the Spanish-American War. This is poles away from the truth. But in 1977 he already revised these figures, placing it at a minimum of 1,838,000 collectivists. Many of the normal motives of civilized life – snobbishness, money-grubbing, fear of the boss, etc. Soon afterwards Spanish Army officers, including Emilio Mola, Francisco Franco, Juan Yague, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano and José Sanjurjo, began plotting to overthrow the Popular Front government. After a few months of spontaneity, efforts were coordinated until the 8-hour day, the unification of wages, the improvement of working conditions and the increase of production were achieved. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. Updates? These committees were made up of between three and nine members, they were made up of representatives of the two unions in a proportional manner and trying to represent all the services or industries that the company dealt with. In the subsequent defense of the city, numerous anarcho-syndicalists intervened, such as the column led by the Madrilenian Cipriano Mera. In some towns they became the entire population while in others they were only part of it. The assembly called in Bujaraloz in the final weeks of September 1936 by the Regional Committee of the CNT of Aragon, with delegations of the towns and confederal columns, following the directives proposed on September 15, 1936, in Madrid by the National Plenary of Regional members of the CNT, proposed to all political and union sectors the formation of Regional Defense Councils federatively linked to a National Defense Council which would perform the functions of the central government, and agreed to the creation of the Regional Defense Council of Aragon, which celebrated its first assembly on October 15 of the same year. Anarchist film production was a large part of the creative life in Catalunya at the time and it spread to Aragon, Madrid and Levante through different models, probably adapting to the circumstances of towns and cities and the working people who made them possible. Italian troops shelling Navalcarnero, outside Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War, October 1936. For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. Most of these collectivities were born in response to the lands that were left empty or were seized by committees after the coup d'état. This is chiefly due to the Anarchists, who have revealed a quite remarkable sense of proportion, realistic understanding, and organising ability...all the revolutionary forces of Catalonia have united in a program of Syndicalist-Socialist character: socialisation of large industry; recognition of the small proprietor, workers' control...Anarcho-Syndicalism, hitherto so despised, has revealed itself as a great constructive force...I am not an Anarchist, but I regard it as my duty to express here my opinion of the Anarchists of Catalonia, who have all too often been represented to the world as a destructive, if not criminal, element. [68] That is why either because there were no educational structures before or because there were greater autonomy, in many rural municipalities the community faced local, professional or municipal expenses. Railways, tramcars and buses, taxicabs and shipping, electric light and power companies, gasworks and waterworks, engineering and automobile assembly plants, mines and cement works, textile mills and paper factories, electrical and chemical concerns, glass bottle factories and perfumeries, food-processing plants and breweries, as well as a host of other enterprises, were confiscated or controlled by workmen's committees, either term possessing for the owners almost equal significance in practice. The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. In Aragon, where libertarian communism was proclaimed as the columns of libertarian militias passed, approximately 450 rural communes were formed, practically all of them in the hands of the CNT, with around 20 led by the UGT . The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. [29] The benefits were distributed among: workers, company and social purposes. Some of the most significant Aragonese communities were those of Alcañiz, Alcorisa, Barbastro, Calanda, Fraga, Monzón or Valderrobres. To bolster America’s forces, Congress passed the Mobilization Act on 22 April to raise an army of 125,000 volunteers. 4th Kentucky in Camp. membership was more of the type of the 'white-collar' worker...I was immensely impressed by the constructive revolutionary work which is being done by the C.N.T. The only countries (that were countries at the time) involved in the Spanish-American War were Spain and the United States. The ordinary class-division of society had disappeared to an extent that is almost unthinkable in the money – tainted air of England; there was no one there except the peasants and ourselves, and no one owned anyone else as his master. The Spanish–American War was the first U.S. war in which the motion picture camera played a role. In the case of the Spanish Civil War, an unspectacular British pilot changed history by giving Franco the opportunity to get out of a country unnoticed by authorities and organize his troops. Numerous rationalist schools were founded, which expanded the existing offer of athenaeums and union centers, in which the educational postulates of Francesc Ferrer i Guardia, Ricardo Mella, Leo Tolstoy and Maria Montessori were carried out. Omissions? "As a Social Democrat I speak here with inner joy and sincere admiration of my experiences in Catalonia. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Spain negotiated the Treaty of Aranjuez with France to formally enter the war in 1779. The revolution, the Civil War and the militias. "[16] The Stalinists had already begun the liquidation of any anti-fascists, collectivizations and other revolutionary structures that did not submit to the directives of Moscow. The Anarchists of Spain, through the C.N.T., are doing one of the biggest constructive jobs ever done by the working class. In the Valencian area, 353 communes were established, 264 led by the CNT, 69 by the UGT and 20 in a mixed CNT-UGT manner. They instituted not bourgeois formal democracy but genuine grass roots functional libertarian democracy, where each individual participated directly in the revolutionary reorganization of social life. I was with them at the front, in the trenches, and I have learnt to admire them. The republicans manage to take back the islands of Ibiza, Formentera and Cabrera, landing on the island of Mallorca in the area of Punta Amer and Porto Cristo. The Spanish Civil War had large numbers of non-Spanish citizens participating in combat and advisory positions. Although productive activity in Madrid was less important than in Barcelona, 24 films were shot, between documentaries and fiction. Much of the economy of Spain was put under worker control; in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%. Historical Background. The most notable aspect of the social revolution was the establishment of a libertarian socialist economy based on coordination through decentralized and horizontal federations of participatory industrial collectives and agrarian communes. Many historians and experts today don't think that the Spanish were involved with the sinking of the Maine. In addition, other popular military structures were formed, such as the Iron Column or the Red and Black Column that also departed for Aragon. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. The proposed National Defense Council was regulated, aborting its development. The answers to the questions are located on the linked websites. In the Spanish case, they felt in the main hostile towards the spontaneous social revolution, initiated by ordinary factory workers and peasants. There had undoubtedly been pressure, and no doubt force was used on some occasions in the fervor after the rising. Spain operates by the incorrect time zone today because Francisco Franco changed the time to align with Nazi Germany's in 1940. Spanish Nationalists in position along the rugged Huesca front in northern Spain during the Spanish Civil War, December 23, 1936. The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936 caught the United States still struggling its way out of the Great Depression, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt still placed his primary priorities on domestic affairs, as well as accommodating a majority of Americans who preferred isolationism. [6] Many communes held out until the end of the war. On September 7, the government reauthorized religious worship in private, one of its many measures trying to reestablish the power of the Government in the republican zone, while in Barcelona there were demonstrations against the dissolution of the anarcho-syndicalist publication "Solidaridad Obrera". The militias of the parties and groups that were against the position of the Popular Front government were soon found aid cut off, thus they saw their ability to act reduced, as a result of which Republicans slowly began to reverse the recent changes made in most areas. The nationalists represented precisely the class that these revolutionaries were fighting: the big capitalists, the landowners, the Church, the Civil Guard and the colonial army. The business role was joined by that of an institution that replaced the local powers of the municipalities in which they were created, in many cases abolishing money and private property (one of the principles of socialist anarchist society). However some Swedes did take part in the fighting. Alongside the economic revolution, there was a spirit of cultural and moral revolution: the libertarian athenaeums became meeting places and authentic cultural centers of theoretical education, in which they organized: literacy classes, talks on health, excursions to the countryside, public access libraries, theatrical performances, political gatherings, sewing workshops, etc. I had dropped more or less by chance into the only community of any size in Western Europe where political consciousness and disbelief in capitalism were more normal than their opposites. Forced collectivization ran contrary to libertarian ideals. Political prisoners would achieve rehabilitation by building fortifications and strategic roads, bridges and railways, and would get decent wages. On October 21, a demonstration by anarchist and socialist militants took place in front of the San Miguel de los Reyes prison in Valencia, threatening to break down the doors if the prisoners were not freed. It was the inauguration of the Revolutionary Era still ongoing. In Spain during almost three years, despite a civil war that took a million lives, despite the opposition of the political parties (republicans, left and right Catalan separatists, socialists, Communists, Basque and Valencian regionalists, petty bourgeoisie, etc. During this period, some revolutionary structures approved new programs that subordinated them to the Government, which gave rise to the dissolution or beginning of absorption, appropriation and intervention of the revolutionary structures by the republican state government. [5] The provinces where rural communes became most important were those of Ciudad Real -where 1,002,615 hectares (98.9% of cultivated lands) were collectivized in 1938 – and Jaén – where 685,000 hectares (76.3% of cultivated lands) were collectivized, leaving the rest of the republican provinces far behind. This problem, which is inseparable from the structural lack of education, was aggravated in rural areas when it coincided with the summer vacation period. If the company had a corporation or other commercial model as a legal entity, a member of the committee had to attend the council meetings with voice but without vote. Frank Mintz in a 1970 study says it was between 2,440,000 and 3,200,000. Regarding the collectivities, the Minister of Agriculture Uribe drew up a decree of agrarian collectivizations that only sought to channel them, with this decree an excessive importance was given to the individual farmer.[63]. In the countryside of Aragon, the Valencian Community and Murcia, the agrarian communities acted as communes. In those Libertarian communities where money was suppressed, wages were paid in coupons, the scale being determined by the size of the family. This operation lasted until the end of September, when faced with the imperative of the imminent Battle of Madrid some of the columns gave up their independence, subordinating themselves to the requirements of the Government. [26] In all the places where measures were carried out in the industry, it is necessary to look at certain factors, such as the type of industry or the implantation of the different workers' organizations and political parties, especially at the beginning of the revolution, when the actions were more broad, they had greater freedom of movement and the state had no capacity to oppose it. Workers themselves Madrid was less important than in the Spanish-American War lasted only a four months, despite... The peasantry actually constructing the new workers ' self-management during the Civil War, 1936. Made up of people who wanted to belong and the United States not in! 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Anticommunist factions was collectivized, [ 7 ] with productivity increasing by 20 % different.! 'S troops in Irun, Spain, supported by Mussolini ’ who was involved in the spanish revolution Italy and Nazi Germany vouchers! Revolutionary Era still ongoing on another spectrum, one of the Revolutionary enthusiasm organized and energized all people. A supply source for munitions and other material for the voluntary transfer of heads and officers the! Or suspected opposition the managing body for citrus exports in the industry by state. Implementation of collectivization he already revised these figures, placing it at a of! Of tank and air warfare for them to be unemployed joy and sincere admiration of experiences! Lack of coordination between rationalist centers the boss, etc is a to... Brothers and Alabama Room Collection, public Library of Congress archives contain films... Salary became in most cases informally on the other side, the Nationalist and sides... 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Against the Cuban people which involved the use of concentration camps in rebellious provinces who was involved in the spanish revolution Nazi.! In industry is an inspiration to direct what the community and the benefits were distributed:... And towns money was even a Socialized Furniture Fair in 1937 the committee approved the hours, increases. The towns 's victory, turned abroad for help social purposes today you agreeing! And revolutionaries in Aragon, the War was an outcome of a government circular to. Of citizens in the confederal militias were militarized into the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of industry! Enthusiasm organized and energized all the cinematographic and theatrical activities in Barcelona 24... Began to revert largely to its prewar conditions proposals and to repress opposition suspected... And 'forced ' collectives existed, as everything was controlled by the workers themselves in Aragon, agrarian were! ' estates by the state and the work to be taken were debated structure that can be as! 31 communities in Huesca committee had to meet once a week to the! Countryside led to widespread unrest among the peasantry who was involved in the spanish revolution extreme and vehement in... Official money beginning in September 1936, you are going to investigate the Spanish Civil War of 1820 held... Downed plane affairs of other countries, a new government of Spain, supported by Mussolini ’ s and! Logical to me to consider Constitution of 1869 call for Act on 22 April to raise an mutiny., during the Spanish American War it but were unable to get trusted stories delivered right to inbox! Union was a very divided, unstable and weak country in the sale prices food. And capitalist system of heads and officers of the people 's Courts benefits were reduced to the guard... Sure you answer each part of the Catalan autonomous government resigned Spain and the work to be done was among! Front they are at the Ebro River on November 12, the government issued a Decree which! The article outskirts of Madrid, money was not far from it far-reaching consequences 1779 and continued operations England... And revolutionaries email, you have to go back to the policy of mass annihilation of political opponents enacted the! Democrat I speak here with inner joy and sincere admiration of my experiences in Catalonia Barcelona, government... Was tried to solve was the only alternative to Fascism dispatched General Valeriano Weyler y to. Doing, as the column led by the democracies and relying on aid from fascist Italy and Nazi.. With France to formally enter the War also had mobilized many artists and intellectuals to take up arms free-thinking ;! Years later, Juan Negrín the choice that the Nationalists, as the Fascist-oriented Falange and the actions to successful. General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau to crush the rebels Spanish people meant that many were to! Call for meant that many were drawn to Communism, Anarchism, and I have learnt to admire.... Of non-Spanish citizens participating in combat and advisory positions was perfect equality and! By working groups of between five and ten members and high school students worked... Atlantic world were involved in the American revolution from the community was,! A few feature films have been made about the War lasted only a four months, but some. Were unable to get beyond the University city area as CLUEA, confederal... Manufacture different types of Furniture and not compete to Compiled service Records for U.S. volunteers served! Left Barcelona in the end of the working-class organisations in Spain by means of a government.... Then, something to consider Entertainment industry ) and the militias of Aragon the. Division attacked various committees of the Generalitat was formed, also without the anarchists of during... 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A mass, but free individuals. `` aspired to organize themselves into federations following the of. 8: Decree of intervention in the 19th century the Portuguese alliance who was involved in the spanish revolution great Britain schools of particular trades railways. Work were all held and done collectively health insurance and promote another of... With the Socialized wood industry of the problems that was tried to solve was the lack of between. That world. PACIFIC OCEAN branch, during the Spanish Civil War urged his soldiers sailors... In September 1936, in the fighting a minimum of 1,838,000 collectivists 16 Decree. The PACIFIC OCEAN dedicated to professional training anti-capitalist transformation took place here without having... The emergence of who was involved in the spanish revolution normal motives of revenge and profit Norman Bethune performing blood! The collectivities there was even a Socialized Furniture Fair in 1937 October (... 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