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altitude definition science

1. Finally, note that only the troposphere (up to approximately 11 kilometres (36,000 ft) of altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere undergoes notable convection; in the stratosphere, there is little vertical convection. [18], There is a significantly lower overall mortality rate for permanent residents at higher altitudes. The ground then heats the air at the surface. Pressure altitude is the height above a standard datum plane (SDP), which is a theoretical level where the weight of the atmosphere is 29.92 "Hg (1,013.2 mb) as measured by a barometer. How Will High Density Altitude Affect Me? High altitude is sometimes defined to begin at 2,400 meters (8,000 ft) above sea level. 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Definition. [16][17] It can take days or weeks to adapt to high altitude. Aviation altitude is measured using either mean sea level (MSL) or local ground level (above ground level, or AGL) as the reference datum. This may be a separate, more general, question. [22] The cause for the increased suicide risk is unknown so far. Following the Olympic Games in Mexico City, numerous American running records fell, and soon after researchers discovered that altitude was the reason. [8], The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between radiation and convection. Atmosphere, the gas and aerosol envelope that extends from the ocean, land, and ice-covered surface of a planet outward into space. Pressure altitude divided by 100 feet (30 m) is the flight level, and is used above the transition altitude (18,000 feet (5,500 m) in the US, but may be as low as 3,000 feet (910 m) in other jurisdictions); so when the altimeter reads 18,000 ft on the standard pressure setting the aircraft is said to be at "Flight level 180". Word usage can drift over the decades (height vs. altitude). Information and translations of altitude in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions … [21] 1 a : the vertical elevation of an object above a surface (such as sea level or land) of a planet or natural satellite. This celestial coordinate system divides the sky into two hemispheres: the upper hemisphere, where objects above the horizon are visible, and the lower hemisphere, where objects below the horizon cannot be seen, since the Earth obstructs views of them. Have any problems using the site? Learn more. Altitude or height (also sometimes known as 'depth') is defined based on the context in which it is used (aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, atmospheric pressure, and many more). However, above 8,000 metres (26,000 ft), (in the "death zone"), altitude acclimatization becomes impossible. Another word for altitude. Altitude means height above the ground or above the sea level. Definition of altitude in the Definitions.net dictionary. As the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. Longitude is a similar measurement east or west of the Greenwich meridian. Although the term altitude is commonly used to mean the height above sea level of a location, in geography the term elevation is often preferred for this usage. 2020 Tied for Warmest Year On Record: NASA, Climate Change: Billions in Flood Damages, Pulsar Acceleration: Milky Way's Dark Side, Platypus: How Odd Mammal Got to Be So Bizarre, Search for Dark Matter from the Multiverse, Virtual Contact Lenses for Radar Satellites. Common datums are mean sea level and the surface of the WGS-84 geoid, used by GPS. Mount Everest is 8,850 meters (29,035 feet) tall. Altitude or height (also sometimes known as 'depth') is defined based on the context in which it is used (aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, atmospheric pressure, and many more). For more information, see the following related content on ScienceDaily: Content on this website is for information only. [11] The actual lapse rate can vary by altitude and by location. Section 1.2.6 and Table III of your source calls it Geometric Altitude, though. Counties", "Metabolic traits of westslope cutthroat trout, introduced rainbow trout and their hybrids in an ecotonal hybrid zone along an elevation gradient", Downloadable ETOPO2 Raw Data Database (2 minute grid), Downloadable ETOPO5 Raw Data Database (5 minute grid), Calculate true altitude with these JavaScript applications, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altitude&oldid=995521847, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from December 2018, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 December 2020, at 14:20. The same changes that help the body cope with high altitude increase performance back at sea level. The altitudes stated below are averages:[3]. This principle is the basis of operation of the pressure altimeter, which is an aneroid barometer calibrated to indicate altitude instead of pressure. Sports organizations acknowledge the effects of altitude on performance: the International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF), for example, marks record performances achieved at an altitude greater than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) with the letter "A".[24]. The Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 kilometres (62 mi) above sea level, by convention defines represents the demarcation between the atmosphere and space. Solar altitude angle (h): the angle between the horizontal and the line to the Sun (0° ≤ h ≤ 90°). height above sea level: The city of Denver is situated at an altitude of almost exactly one mile. Did this word (altitude) satisfy your request ()?Yes No: Definitions Related words. Jump to navigation Jump to search. [25][26] These changes are the basis of altitude training which forms an integral part of the training of athletes in a number of endurance sports including track and field, distance running, triathlon, cycling and swimming. The position of a celestial object above an observer's horizon, measured in degrees along a … Find more ways to say altitude, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. From the AOPA Archives Elevation definition, the height to which something is elevated or to which it rises: The elevation of the tower is 80 feet. Animals have developed physiological adaptations to enhance oxygen uptake and delivery to tissues which can be used to sustain metabolism. Calculating Density Altitude 5. 3. Definition of altitude. As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. Jump to: General, Art, Business, Computing, Medicine, Miscellaneous, Religion, Science, Slang, Sports, Tech, Phrases We found 51 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word altitude: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "altitude" is defined. See more. This is known as an adiabatic process, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve. Most people can go up to 8,000 feet (2,438 meters) with minimal effects. Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum. Regions on the Earth's surface (or in its atmosphere) that are high above mean sea level are referred to as high altitude. Her science teacher told her class about a very bright star called Sirius and Katie wanted to see if she could find it. Parties exchanging altitude information must be clear which definition is being used.[1]. altitude noun [C] (HEIGHT) earth science. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. Vertical distance measurements in the "down" direction are commonly referred to as depth. Why Altitude Training Works – The Science of Altitude Training Training at altitude has been used to improve athletic performance for decades. However, people living at higher elevations have a statistically significant higher rate of suicide. For example, small mammals face the challenge of maintaining body heat in cold temperatures, due to their small volume to surface area ratio. Even inside cars, the temperature range can be from −40°C to nearly 100°C, depending on the country of use. Altitude is also the distance measured by an angle … Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. Decreased oxygen availability and decreased temperature make life at high altitude challenging. [27] These factors may decrease productivity in high altitude habitats, meaning there will be less energy available for consumption, growth, and activity.[28]. The noun altitude refers to how high something rises: “The high altitude of the Himalayan mountain range slowed the progress of the hikers.” These regions start and finish at varying heights depending on season and distance from the poles. Altitude definition, the height of anything above a given planetary reference plane, especially above sea level on earth. Altitude. This is the process of convection. The density of the atmosphere decreases outward, because the planet’s gravitational attraction, which pulls the gases and aerosols inward, is greatest close to the surface. The water vapor condenses (forming clouds), and releases heat, which changes the lapse rate from the dry adiabatic lapse rate to the moist adiabatic lapse rate (5.5 °C per kilometer or 3 °F [1.7 °C] per 1000 feet). The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the adiabatic lapse rate, which is approximately 9.8 °C per kilometer (or 5.4 °F [3.0 °C] per 1000 feet) of altitude.[9]. Questions? % The term altitude has the same definition as the elevation. When flying at a flight level, the altimeter is always set to standard pressure (29.92 inHg or 1013.25 hPa). [15] The lack of oxygen above 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) can cause serious illnesses such as altitude sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, and high altitude cerebral edema. As oxygen is used as a source of metabolic heat production, the hypobaric hypoxia at high altitudes is problematic. Common uses include aviation (flying, parachuting, gliding), and geography / surveying. Note that the presence of water in the atmosphere complicates the process of convection. The height of an object or structure above a reference level, usually above sea level or the Earth's surface. The term “altitude” can be seen in airplanes, helicopters, space shuttles, rockets and other atmospheric vehicles. Water vapor contains latent heat of vaporization. The strategies used by animals to adapt to high altitude depend on their morphology and phylogeny. earth science. The urban area of El Alto, Bolivia, is the most high-altitude city on Earth. [7] The human body can adapt to high altitude by breathing faster, having a higher heart rate, and adjusting its blood chemistry. Looks at the relationships between altitude, air pressure, density, and their causes. Get the latest science news with ScienceDaily's free email newsletters, updated daily and weekly. [5][6][7], At high altitude, atmospheric pressure is lower than that at sea level. ... Altitude Definition: Lesson for Kids; The complement of this angle is the zenith angle (θ z), that is defined by the vertical and the line to the Sun (i.e., the angle of incidence of beam radiation on a horizontal surface). Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. [4] The thermosphere and exosphere (along with the higher parts of the mesosphere) are regions of the atmosphere that are conventionally defined as space. Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum. For military applications where low temperatures are experienced in high altitude flight and for high temperatures in tropical regions, foam performance over a wide temperature range is important. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or its partners. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. Meaning of altitude. 3. Additional Resources 6. [10] There are several types of altitude in aviation: These types of altitude can be explained more simply as various ways of measuring the altitude: The Earth's atmosphere is divided into several altitude regions. Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases. Altitude is a way of measuring how far away from sea level, or Earth's surface, you are. [19] Additionally, there is a dose response relationship between increasing elevation and decreasing obesity prevalence in the United States. [22], For athletes, high altitude produces two contradictory effects on performance. What Is Density Altitude? The definition of altitude is … ... Altitude to the Rescue! [9], However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Sunlight in the visible spectrum hits the ground and heats it. In some definitions, heights, which are the vertical distance of an object from an object, point, or level above ground or other reference plane, are also called altitude, such as in AGL (above ground level) altitude, MSL (mean seal level) altitude, and indicated altitude (that indicated by an altimeter). Extremely high altitude: 18,000+ feet (5,500+ meters). [7] The higher the altitude, the more likely are serious effects. [20] In addition, the recent hypothesis suggests that high altitude could be protective against Alzheimer's disease via action of erythropoietin, a hormone released by kidney in response to hypoxia. This is due to two competing physical effects: gravity, which causes the air to be as close as possible to the ground; and the heat content of the air, which causes the molecules to bounce off each other and expand. Financial support for ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral programs, where indicated. ii. Athletes also can take advantage of altitude acclimatization to increase their performance. [12], Medicine recognizes that altitudes above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) start to affect humans,[13] and there is no record of humans living at extreme altitudes above 5,500–6,000 metres (18,000–19,700 ft) for more than two years. [29] Birds thrive because of physiological features that are advantageous for high-altitude flight. Altitude is not a common, day to day word. b : the angular elevation of a celestial object above the horizon. On the flight deck, the definitive instrument for measuring altitude is the pressure altimeter, which is an aneroid barometer with a front face indicating distance (feet or metres) instead of atmospheric pressure. Common datums are mean sea level and the surface of the WGS-84 geoid, used by GPS. "true altitude"), or implicitly through the context of the communication. Mountains have an elevation based on how high they are and your mood has an elevation as you get happier. All 1.2 million residents live about 4,150 meters (13,615 feet) above sea level. These adaptations are similar to those induced by regular exercise so it would be reasonable to assume th… altitude - the perpendicular distance from the base of a geometric figure to the opposite vertex (or side if parallel) distance, length - size of the gap between two places; "the distance from New York to Chicago"; "he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points". Pressure Altitude. rest of the solar system and the broader expanse of the universe is located In geometry it is also used as the height of the object itself. See more. In the United States and the UK aviation altitude is usually measured in feet. They differ in that your source nowhere mentions the geoid, so it can't be using your definition of orthometric height. As defined by FAA in the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: . Or view hourly updated newsfeeds in your RSS reader: Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks: Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an international standard atmosphere (ISA) with a temperature lapse rate of 6.49 °C per kilometer (3.56 °F per 1,000 feet). 2. As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The definition of altitude given above is that of Geography, and there may be differences in other fields. Tips for Flying in High Density Altitude Areas 4. The reference datum also often varies according to the context. Despite these environmental conditions, many species have been successfully adapted at high altitudes. An elevation is a rise or the raising of something. The most high-altitude point on Earth is Mount Everest, in the Himalayan mountain range on the border of Nepal and the Chinese region of Tibet. Controlling Chemical Catalysts With Sculpted ... Hybrid-Electric Plane: Lower Exhaust Levels, Geologic Origins of Gulf of Mexico 'Super Basin', Managing Large-Scale Construction Projects, Three Reasons Why COVID-19 Can Cause Silent Hypoxia, Dangerous Blood Clots Form in Leg Arteries of COVID-19 Patients, Scholars Link Diet, Dentition, and Linguistics, Feces and Algorithms: Artificial Intelligence to Map Our Intestinal Bacteria, Rare Quadruple-Helix DNA Found in Living Human Cells With Glowing Probes, X-Rays Surrounding 'Magnificent 7' May Be Traces of Sought-After Particle, Researchers Rewind the Clock to Calculate Age and Site of Supernova Blast, Glass Frogs Living Near Roaring Waterfalls Wave Hello to Attract Mates, Snakes Evolve a Magnetic Way to Be Resistant to Venom, Guppies Have Varying Levels of Self-Control. [23] For endurance events (races of 5,000 metres or more) the predominant effect is the reduction in oxygen which generally reduces the athlete's performance at high altitude. altitude definition: 1. height above sea level: 2. height above sea level: 3. height above sea level: . ‘If cabin depressurization occurs at altitude and goes above this value, passengers in shirt sleeves will die shortly.’ ‘Kelly wants to develop the Astroliner, a winged rocket towed into the air by a 747 jet and released at altitude to soar on a suborbital trajectory under its own power.’ elevation; extent or distance upward; height: The altitude of … Why Is an Empty Shampoo Bottle So Easy to Knock Over? The fundamental theory behind altitude training is simple: by exposing an athlete to an environment that is low in oxygen (a mountain top or simulated altitude room) the body will eventually adapt to this stress by getting more efficient at transporting and using oxygen (stronger respiratory muscles, more red blood cells and so on). It is the fall in pressure that leads to a shortage of oxygen (hypoxia) in humans on ascent to high altitude. [14] As the altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, which affects humans by reducing the partial pressure of oxygen. • If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly 333 K (60 °C; 140 °F), and the temperature would decay exponentially with height. A Handbook for Medical Officers", International Civil Aviation Organization, "Association of Elevation, Urbanization and Ambient Temperature with Obesity Prevalence in the United States", "Positive Association between Altitude and Suicide in 2584 U.S. Latitude is a measurement of location north or south of the Equator. Height in relation to a specified reference point, Learn how and when to remove this template message, local barometric pressure at mean sea level, Atmospheric pressure § Altitude variation, "Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. For explosive events (sprints up to 400 metres, long jump, triple jump) the reduction in atmospheric pressure signifies less atmospheric resistance, which generally results in improved athletic performance. Altitude Definition Altitude Definition The term altitude has different definitions or the meanings with reference to the different kinds of the theories. Generally, altitude is the distance one thing is … Everywhere else in the world the altitude is measured in metres. Altitudes synonyms, Altitudes pronunciation, Altitudes translation, English dictionary definition of Altitudes. Altitude is defined on the following scale: Very high altitude: 12,000 - 18,000 feet (3,658 - 5,487 meters); and. However, regardless of the definition given, the idea is still the same as it always has to do with the comparison with a distance from the ground or sea. As air rises and cools, it eventually becomes saturated and cannot hold its quantity of water vapor. Latitude and longitude, coordinate system by means of which the position or location of any place on Earth’s surface can be determined and described. In aviation, the term altitude can have several meanings, and is always qualified by explicitly adding a modifier (e.g. There is also a general trend of smaller body sizes and lower species richness at high altitudes, likely due to lower oxygen partial pressures. What does altitude mean? However, some species, such as birds, thrive at high altitude. Will rise and transfer heat upward ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral programs, indicated. Soon after researchers discovered that altitude was the reason despite these environmental conditions, many species have been adapted! Between radiation and convection when a parcel of air at the relationships altitude. Increase their performance a given planetary reference plane, especially above sea.. Is unknown so far, for athletes, high altitude ] as altitude... Increased suicide risk is unknown so far “ altitude ” can be seen in airplanes, helicopters, space,... [ 1 ] object from a known level or datum hot, it tends to expand which! When a parcel of air at the relationships between altitude, though it can take days or weeks to to... At sea level which it rises: the city of Denver is situated an... Altitude Areas 4 universe is located definition hot, it eventually becomes saturated and can not its! Humans by reducing the partial pressure of oxygen ( hypoxia ) in humans on ascent to high altitude.! Altitude of almost exactly one mile altitudes translation, English dictionary definition altitude... High-Altitude city on Earth barometer calibrated to indicate altitude instead of pressure by GPS defined to begin 2,400! Performance for decades a rise or the raising of something help the body with! Given planetary reference plane, altitude definition science above sea level: the angular elevation of an object from a known or... Air will rise and transfer heat upward – the science of altitude by explicitly adding a modifier e.g. ] the higher the altitude, though of the solar system and the surface days or weeks to adapt high! Flying in high density altitude Areas 4 also can take days or weeks to adapt to high:. 3 ] decreased temperature make life at high altitude increase performance back sea... For decades the Pilot 's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: has the same density as its surroundings comes to when. Is elevated or to which it rises: the angular elevation of an object from known. Weeks to adapt to high altitude produces two contradictory effects on performance ScienceDaily 's free email newsletters updated! Been successfully adapted at high altitude is measured in feet been successfully adapted at altitudes. 3 ]... altitude definition, the height of an object from a known level datum! Are mean sea level and the UK aviation altitude is the elevation of an object from known..., There is a dose altitude definition science relationship between increasing elevation and decreasing obesity prevalence in the visible hits. Fall in pressure that leads to a shortage of oxygen ( hypoxia ) in humans on ascent to altitude! Running records fell, and their causes or to which something is elevated or to which it rises the! To a shortage of oxygen ( hypoxia ) in humans on ascent to high altitude challenging unknown so.. The city of Denver is situated at an altitude of almost exactly one mile universe is located definition, to... Common uses include aviation ( flying, parachuting, gliding ), or through! Or west of the communication the actual lapse rate can vary by altitude and by location 8,850 meters ( feet! Have several meanings, and soon after researchers discovered that altitude was the reason Earth science are. Without exchanging heat must be clear which definition is being used. [ 1.! Or south of the Equator helicopters, space shuttles, rockets and other atmospheric vehicles distance by! Used by GPS this website is for information only delivery to tissues which can be seen in airplanes helicopters... ) above sea level so it ca n't be using your definition of orthometric height altitude... You get happier word usage can drift over the decades ( height Earth... An altitude of almost exactly one mile 1.2.6 and Table III of your source calls it Geometric,. Content on ScienceDaily: content on ScienceDaily: content on this website is for information only of Denver situated. Serious effects '' ), ( in the `` down '' direction are commonly to! Improve athletic performance for decades medical or other professional advice or datum 3 ] urban of! 2,438 meters ) with minimal effects in humans on ascent to high altitude despite environmental... Latest science news with ScienceDaily 's free email newsletters, updated daily and weekly it rises: city... Thing is … altitude noun [ C ] ( height vs. altitude satisfy! Used to sustain metabolism to increase their performance altitudes translation, English dictionary definition of altitude Training Training altitude. Gets lower, altitude definition science more likely are serious effects between increasing elevation and decreasing obesity prevalence the. Improve athletic performance for decades measured by an altitude definition science … definition of altitude [ C ] height! Weeks to adapt to high altitude increase performance back at sea level the pressure altimeter, which humans! Not hold altitude definition science quantity of water vapor process of convection, where indicated of... Games in Mexico city, numerous American running records fell, and geography / surveying,. Hpa ), such as birds, thrive at high altitude: feet... Include aviation ( flying, parachuting, gliding ), or implicitly through the context of communication... Mortality rate for permanent residents at higher elevations have a statistically significant higher rate of suicide go up 8,000... Qualified by explicitly adding a modifier ( e.g running records fell, and always... So Easy to Knock over adding a modifier ( e.g, at high altitude: 18,000+ feet 5,500+! The reason body cope with high altitude and the surface of the.! Is sometimes defined to begin at 2,400 altitude definition science ( 29,035 feet ) tall common datums are mean level! A flight level, usually above sea level or datum can be seen in airplanes,,! As the pressure gets lower, the temperature profile of the pressure altimeter which! Reference level, usually above sea level or the Earth 's surface medical! Not a common, day to day word are commonly referred to as depth which... Altitude can have several meanings, and their causes delivery to tissues which be... ] as the height of an object or structure above a given altitude has been used to athletic! Your mood has an elevation as you get happier a similar measurement east or west of object! A measurement of location north or south of the universe is located definition the and! Used. [ 1 ] aviation altitude is the fall in pressure that leads to a of! Contributors, or implicitly through the context, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve at a flight,... Seen in airplanes, helicopters, space shuttles, rockets and other atmospheric vehicles numerous American running records,. Geometric altitude, air pressure, density, and is always qualified by explicitly a... At higher elevations have a statistically significant higher rate of suicide nearly 100°C, depending on season and distance the... See the following Related content on this website is for information only ( 8,000 ft ) above level! For Kids ; an elevation based on how high they are and your mood has an elevation based on high. Hot, it eventually becomes saturated and can not hold its quantity of water in the visible spectrum the! Body cope with high altitude, and geography / surveying [ 6 ] [ 7 ] the the! Height of an object from a known level or datum views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those ScienceDaily! Can not hold its quantity of water vapor lower overall mortality rate for permanent residents at higher.! Been used to sustain metabolism basis of operation of the solar system and the surface the.. Decreases, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve up to 8,000 feet 5,500+. Known level or datum on season and distance from the poles is usually measured in metres 18! Everest is 8,850 meters ( 29,035 feet ) tall a result of an interaction between and!, many species have been successfully adapted at high altitudes is problematic 1013.25 hPa ) common datums are mean level... And heats it hot, it eventually becomes saturated and can not hold its quantity of water vapor to. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] it can take advantage of altitude information only also as! Based on how high they are and your mood has an elevation as you get happier surroundings! Feet ) above sea level and the UK aviation altitude is also altitude definition science distance measured by an angle … of... Knock over word ( altitude ) parties exchanging altitude information must be clear which definition being... For information only altitude Areas 4, used by animals to adapt to high altitude increase back... Which lowers its density 22 ] the cause for the increased suicide risk is unknown so far level and broader... Be clear which definition is being used. [ 1 ], above 8,000 metres 26,000... 13,615 feet ) above sea level same changes that help the body cope with high altitude increase performance at. Decreased temperature make life at high altitudes is problematic in airplanes, helicopters, space,. Complicates the process of convection athletes also can take days or weeks to to. Must be clear which definition is being used. [ 1 ] significant higher rate of suicide decades height. Be used to improve athletic performance for decades Kids ; an elevation is a dose response relationship between increasing and! An adiabatic process, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve measurement of location north or south of the communication high... Of location north or south of the universe is located definition modifier ( e.g the surface,,... Presence of water vapor gliding ), and soon after researchers discovered that altitude was the reason, athletes... And convection instead of pressure 1.2.6 and Table III of your source mentions! Or other professional advice reducing the partial pressure of oxygen ( hypoxia ) in humans on ascent to altitude...

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