If you have genital herpes, you are eligible to donate once lesions have healed. you must wait for a minimum of 56 days between whole blood donations. Canada has one of the safest blood systems in the world, thanks to the strict standards set out in Health Canada's Food and Drugs Act and Blood Regulations for the collection of blood and plasma. © Copyright 2020 Canadian Blood Services. COVID-19 updates: If you tested positive for COVID-19 but have had no symptoms, you can donate 14 days after your positive test if you meet all other eligibility criteria. Any healthy person can donate blood after the required gap of 56 days. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, it is important for all travellers to self-isolate, and refrain from blood donation, for 14 days after any travel outside of Canada as stated by public health authorities. You are eligible to donate as long as you are feeling well at the time of your appointment. Hosting a Blood Drive . You may not be eligible to donate if your health and/or the safety of Canada’s blood and plasma supply are at risk. You can give blood every 28 days if you are a man, and every 56 days if you are a woman. If you spend time in a region affected by malaria you will be temporarily ineligible to donate blood. Canadian Blood Services acknowledges the funding of provincial, territorial and federal governments. You can also donate if take medication to control your cholesterol. You can help those in need. Our tests are designed to detect donations with even the smallest levels of infection. Able to participate in day-to-day activities. How Often Can You Donate Blood? Bali (Indonesia) Thailand; USA; Bali (Indonesia) Blood. You must be at least 17 years old to donate to the general blood supply, or 16 years old with parental/guardian consent, if allowed by state law. If you are breastfeeding, you are not eligible to donate blood during the first six months after giving birth. If you are unsure about your medication and want to check beforehand, call your doctor to verify that you are able to donate. If you are, generally, in good health, you can usually give blood. 285 Views 0 comments Search for: Recent Posts. Blood donation is crucial right now—here's everything you need to know about donating blood during the coronavirus pandemic, including who can donate, where to donate, and how often you can help. Have done something that puts you at risk for becoming infected with HIV. ** you must wait for a minimum of 56 days between whole blood donations. Any evidence of intoxication or inability to give informed consent will prevent you from donating. Squamous cell or basal cell - You are eligible to donate if your treatments were successful.. Melanoma - You are not eligible to donate. Our staff may ask if you’d like to make a different type of blood donation at your appointment, based on your blood type. You can donate platelets once in a seven day period and up to 24 times a year. For platelet donors only: Platelet donors require a waiting period after taking the following medications. Men who have had sex with a man more than 3 months ago, and who meet other screening criteria, may now be eligible to donate blood or plasma. When you donate whole blood you lose about 200-250mg of iron. These new criteria were introduced in February 2016, to identify donors at risk for acquiring illnesses spread by mosquitos such as Zika virus. What happens when you give blood; Before and after you donate; Donor safety; Being a blood donor Expand. We have answers for some of the commonly asked questions about donating one's blood. How Often Can You Donate Blood? The entire process takes about an hour. If you have questions about sexually transmitted diseases and donor eligibility, call us at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283) to speak with one of our trained health professionals. As follows: We can donate our whole blood once in a gap of 90 days or in 3 months. You cannot get any transmissible disease or viruses, including HIV, by donating blood. Since there are different blood products that you can potentially donate, there are different criteria for how often you can donate. You can still travel to donate. See our COVID-19 page for details. How often you can donate: Every 28 days up to 13 times a year . Hereditary hemochromatosis is a common genetic disorder. Anti-cancer Benefits. A 'directed' donation is when a person, often a family member, donates blood for transfusion to a specific individual. The criteria listed are provided as guidelines to assist you in determining whether you may be eligible to be a blood donor. If that test does not produce the same positive result, we consider the first result to have been a "false reactive" or "false positive.". After an automated double red cell collection, you must wait 112 days before donating again. All Rights Reserved. Learn more about acceptable and unacceptable medication under our Medication tab below. There are lots of reasons to join Canada’s Lifeline. If you are, find out where you can donate.. A decrease in iron stores (ferritin) may occur in frequent donors. If you have recently been vaccinated, you may be temporarily deferred from donate blood or plasma. And that's definitely a good question to ask, as you don't want to sabotage your own health, or give a pint that won't be usable. We then check the result using a more specific test with a different standard of sensitivity. Share Page. If you received a tissue graft from one area of your body to another, you are eligible once you have fully recovered. What if I don’t have a copy of my test results? It’s that simple. Males must have a hemoglobin level of at least 130 g/L and females must have a hemoglobin level of at least 125 g/L to donate whole blood. Canadian Blood Services has over 40 permanent collection sites and thousands of mobile clinics. You must be in good general heath to donate blood or plasma. If you are considering donating plasma for transfusion, call us at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283) to discuss your eligibility. Platelet donors may donate as frequently as every eight days, and up to 24 times in a 12-month period. About 400 mL (0.4 L) of blood is taken when you donate. How often can you donate blood? Canadian Blood Services says it needs more female donors now that the organization has changed its criteria on how often women can donate blood. You must wait at least 7 days after donating blood before you can donate platelets. Additional weight requirements apply for donors age 18 or younger. The guidelines listed below were last revised on 08/01/17. Once this limit is reached, we’ll ask donors to wait before donating again. Western European countries affected are Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Spain, Republic of Ireland, Portugal, Denmark, Luxembourg, and Liechtenstein. Regular blood donor heart disease and heart attack risk are very low. Talk with donor center staff about their specific requirements. You can also choose what type of donation you would like to make when scheduling an appointment. You have not travelled outside of Canada in the last 3 to 12 months. In the United States, blood donors have long been paid for blood donations for the purpose of extracting plasma. Facebook; Twitter; Mail; Back to top Close. Visit our travel page for a listing of countries that are affected. You may qualify to donate plasma for coronavirus patients if you meet specific convalescent plasma and regular blood donation eligibility requirements: You are at least 17 years old and weigh 110 lbs. To learn more, please visit the links below. On the day of your donation appointment, you should be well hydrated, have had something to eat and had a good night's sleep the night before. E Earnings start around $160 per month or $1,920 per year if donating twice per week (based on a center that offers $20 per donation). Blood, organ and tissue donation improves health and saves lives. If you have received a false reactive result in the past and would like to set up an appointment to be re-tested, call 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283) to speak with one of our trained health professionals. How Often can you Donate Blood. Are you eligible to give blood? Hemoglobin concentration was measured at the time of donation or clinic visit and with each subsequent appointment in repeat donors. SCHEDULE NOW . If you received any blood products during or after surgery, you must wait six months before donating. Since then, Health Canada has approved a re-entry program for some false positive results to allow eligible donors to be re-tested after a six-month waiting period. All changes are based on the latest scientific evidence and approved by our regulator Health Canada. You can donate: Whole blood every 56 days for males, every 84 days for females. This ultra-sensitive means of testing can sometimes create a reaction with proteins in the blood and produce a "reactive" (i.e., positive) result. Back. After an automated double… admin — October 12, 2019. First time blood donors will have their blood pressure measured, but will not be deferred from donating for an out of range blood pressure. Pregnant donors are not eligible to donate. Eligibility is on a case-by-case basis. A whole blood donation takes about 10 minutes. People with O type blood and those with certain RH negative blood types are encouraged to donate whole blood. Depending on what countries you have visited and for how long, you may be able to donate blood. You can legally donate plasma as often as twice per week. If you are unsure about your eligibility, please call to speak with one of our trained health professionals at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283). We test your hemoglobin level before each donation. After you return, you may need to wait for a while before you can donate blood. After an automated double red cell collection, you must wait 112 days before donating again. A. You may eligible if it has been more than 12 months since you completed treatment for syphilis or gonorrhea. You should be feeling well at the time of your appointment. Malaria: if you travelled to a malaria risk area for less than six months, the waiting period to donate whole blood or platelets has been reduced from 12 months to three. You must wait 12 months after receiving any type of tissue transplant from another person before becoming eligible to donate. Month . Year . How often a donor can donate varies from days to months based on what component they donate and the laws of the country where the donation takes place. Where can I donate? 870 157 641 RR0001, Stem cell donation eligibility and registration. A person who has taken money or drugs for sex since 1977. Only 37 percent of the U.S. population is eligible to donate blood - less than 10 percent do annually. But as long as you meet the eligibility requirements, there is no upper age limit on blood donation. Women taking oral or other forms of birth control are eligible to donate. The whole process—including answering questions and having a short examination—takes up to an hour. Platelet donations can be made every 7 … According to the American Red Cross, you can donate full blood every 56 days, which translates into every eight weeks. Learn more about false reactive test results. A diet rich in iron is advised for all donors. If you are otherwise eligible to donate, you can donate whole blood every 56 days for males and every 84 days for females. If you are getting $50 for a plasma donation, and you go twice a week, that’s $400 a month. If you have been hospitalized with COVID-19 you will need to wait 21 days after your full recovery to donate blood. Inhaling Perilous Content – The Safety Border between SecondHand Smoke and SecondHand Vapor; … A study in the United Kingdom has been found to be often free from voluntary blood donating or disorderly diseases. COVID-19 update: added vaccination for COVID-19 to list of vaccinations, indicating there is no deferral period post-vaccination. Typically, you must wait six months after receiving a blood transfusion from another person before you can donate blood. After an automated double… admin — October 12, 2019. If you have questions about your eligibility, please call to speak with one of our trained health professionals at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283). Do you pay donors for giving blood? Donation type . You have not travelled outside of Canada in the last 3 to 12 months. you must wait for a minimum of 56 days between whole blood donations. Donors who are temporarily deferred from donating blood due to their recent travel history outside of Canada may also be eligible to donate source plasma. Western European countries affected are Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Spain, Republic of Ireland, Portugal, Denmark, Luxembourg, and Liechtenstein. Donor’s age must be between 16-60 years and their weight should be more than 45 kgs to be able to donate blood. Results: We identified 39 patients on TRT who presented for blood donation over a 2-year period. Blood donation helps in lowering the risk of cancer. Plasma donors may donate as often as every 28 days. I have grabbed so many experiences I can narrate some Important rules to you. If you're a regular blood donor in Canada, you might not be able to donate as often. When can I donate next? Just one donation can help save the lives of up to three people. Blood Donor Basics. Day . It may inspire them to become blood donors. You are eligible to donate with a cold if you are: If you have the flu, wait until you are fully recovered to donate. 354 Views 0 comments Search for: Recent Posts. If you are currently taking medication and want to know if you are eligible to donate, review our list of acceptable and unacceptable medications below. A. Venereal warts (HPV/human papilloma virus) are not a cause for deferral. You can donate all three of these components (a whole blood donation) at our centers or on a blood mobile. Note the waiting period after the asterisk symbol (*). The Red Cross requires all donors to be healthy, at least 17 years old, and weigh at least 110 pounds. On this page. Do patients receive whole blood when they are transfused? Both blood and plasma products are vital to the health and well-being of Canadians. If you are planning a trip outside of Canada or have just returned, make sure you are informed about your destination and any issues that may affect your ability to donate. Prior to each blood donation, you will be tested for your Hb level usually through a simple finger-prick test at the blood donation site. In some cases, you may not be eligible to donate while taking medication and could be temporarily deferred after completing your medication. Canadian Blood Services and do not necessarily reflect those of governments. Prior to each blood donation, you will be tested for your Hb level usually through a simple finger-prick test at the blood donation site. You must be 16 years old with parental consent or 17 years old and older to donate blood. You can typically donate platelets once every 7 days, up to 24 times a year. These are some of the medications that inhibit platelet function. If you donate whole blood, you need to wait 56 days between donations -- possibly longer, depending on the policy of your blood bank. Your health is important to us, and we want to help you maintain it. Travelers who have visited malaria-risk countries are deferred from donating blood for three months but source plasma donors may be eligible to donate right away. 354 Views 0 comments Search for: Recent Posts. The mean hemoglobin level … To prevent anemia, we track frequent donors to make sure they don’t give more than the maximum allowable blood volume in a rolling 12-month period. Donor eligibility undergoes frequent revisions resulting in changes based on current scientific evidence. Plasma donors may donate as often as every 28 days. If you’re looking for more information about hemochromatosis, click here or visit the Canadian Hemochromatosis Society website. 16 and weigh at least 125 pounds (with signed parental permission), 17 and weigh at … I have had a cleaning or filling today, or dental surgery in last 72 hours. If you are unsure of your own eligibility, please call 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283). Whole Blood You must wait a minimum of 56 days between whole blood donations. San Diego Blood Bank has locations throughout San Diego County. If you have a cold, flu or allergy symptoms, we may ask you to wait to donate until you have fully recovered—for your sake, and for the health of any potential blood or plasma recipient. The types, frequency, and requirements of blood donation have been discussed here. Giving blood and platelets is essential to the NHS and vulnerable patients. Learn more about whether you can donate. Double red cell donors may donate as often as every 168 days. Canadian Blood Services announced today it's changing guidelines for donor iron levels. Check the top destinations below or see other countries. Please keep donating. On the day of your donation, it is important that you are hydrated, have eaten, had adequate sleep and in good general health. Please call us at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283) to discuss your condition. After an automated double… admin — October 12, 2019. After an automated double… admin — October 12, 2019. These include: Individuals with blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma are not eligible to donate. However, the underlying condition that requires a particular medication may affect your eligibility to donate. Donors will not be deferred for having a low body temperature, but will still be deferred if they have a high body temperature during screening. For some travel, a longer deferral is already in place. In between your Canadian Blood Services donations, there should be at least one week between an outpatient phlebotomy and your next donation. A multivitamin with iron, you are eligible to donate, An iron tablet to prevent low iron, you are eligible to donate, An iron tablet to treat low iron stores (low ferritin), you can donate three months after you start taking the iron tablets and if your doctor advises you that your iron levels are normal, An iron tablet to treat iron deficiency anemia (low hemoglobin and ferritin), you can donate six months after you start taking the iron tablets and if your doctor advises you that your iron levels are normal. 242 Views 0 comments Search for: Recent Posts. Detailed below are common reasons why we defer some donors. How long does the blood donation take? How many people will my donation help? Many people donate whole blood and must wait 56 days between each donation. Other types of donation have different intervals. West African countries with confirmed cases of Ebola are also a risk for malaria. You must wait at least 8 weeks between whole blood donations and 16 weeks between double red cell donations. Anyone who has been told by public health authorities that they have been exposed to the Ebola virus is advised not to donate blood and plasma for 56 days following their last contact with the infected person(s) or area. The materials used for each donation (including the needle) are sterile, disposable, and used only on a single donor. You can make and manage your appointments online. As long as your blood pressure is 180/100 or below at the time of donation and you are feeling well, you can donate. You may be eligible to donate with a history of jaundice or hepatitis six months after you have fully recovered, unless the cause was due to hepatitis B or C. If you ever tested positive for hepatitis B or hepatitis C, you are not eligible to donate, even if you have never been sick or jaundiced from the infection. See the Q & A section of our COVID-19 page for more information about COVID-19 and donor eligibility. See our COVID-19 page for more information about COVID-19 and donor eligibility. Donors must wait three months after having a body piercing due to the increased risk of infections associated with piercings. You must wait three months after getting a tattoo (includes microblading and permanent makeup) before you are eligible to donate. Canadian Blood Services acknowledges the funding of provincial, territorial and federal governments. If you live with or have had sexual contact with a person who has or had hepatitis, call us to speak with one of our trained professionals at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283) to discuss your eligibility. Facebook  LinkedIn  Twitter  Instagram  Youtube. When a healthy person voluntarily donates blood, it is called blood donation. Remember to bring any prescription medication with you to your appointment. If you received an Rh immune globulin injection during your pregnancy, such as WinRho, you must wait six months before donating blood. There may have been some changes to these criteria since the last revision date. You may be eligible if it has been more than 12 months since you last used cocaine other than by injection. Anyone eligible to donate whole blood is eligible to donate plasma. Ready to donate? These can indefinitely defer a person from giving blood. Or, you can donate only one of those components (apheresis donation) at one of our centers. San Diego Blood Bank can work with your healthcare provider to obtain proper records. Talk with donor center staff about their specific requirements. If you are a frequent donor, remember that the number of donation appointments you can make depends on the type of donation you are making. You must be in good health and feeling well**. If you are between the ages of 17 and 23, you must meet our weight and height criteria. Some peoples become worried about donating blood and don’t know How Often Can You Donate Blood. If you are unsure about your eligibility, please call to speak with one of our trained health professionals at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283). This is to help ensure your blood is free of any infections you may have picked up while travelling. If you have a chronic disease, you’re considered eligible to give blood as long as you’re being treated and you feel well. There is also a six-month waiting period after giving birth before you may become eligible to donate. If your visit lasted less than 24 hours, please call us at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283) to discuss your eligibility. If you are unable to donate but still want to be involved, you can volunteer to help run a blood donation drive. Donation Methods. Make a blood donation appointment with the American Red Cross today. When taking medication for an infection, you may temporarily be unable to donate. Platelets can be donated every 7 days or up to 24 times a year, while plasma can be donated every 28 days or up to 13 times a year. It takes about 10 minutes. Charitable Registration No. Many Canadians already donate, but the need for blood, organs, and tissues remains high. You are not eligible to donate if you have spent: The deferral period varies depending on the type of dental work you received. In between your Canadian Blood Services donations, there should be at least one week between an outpatient phlebotomy and your next donation. The temporary deferral period is due to the increased risk of infections associated with tattoos. One of our trained professionals will be able to determine your eligibility. Review our full list of deferral periods for vaccinations below. How often can you donate blood? When you donate, you´re using the power to Give Life. If you have had an extraction, root canal or dental surgery you are eligible to donate 72 hours after your treatment, if you have fully recovered. Your eligibility to donate depends on the type of cancer you had and when it was treated. Can I donate if I have a cold, flu or fever? High Cholesterol High cholesterol levels do not disqualify you from donating. Find out how often you can donate blood and answers to more frequently asked questions about the blood donation process with American Red Cross blood services. If you are not sure what type of needles were used during your treatment, you must wait six months before you can become eligible to donate. 870 157 641 RR0001, Stem cell donation eligibility and registration, top 40 acceptable and unacceptable medications. Review the table below to determine your eligibility. In general, your body replaces that loss at the rate of only 1-2 mg per day (through dietary absorption) but this varies, depending on what your iron level was before donating, whether you’re taking any iron supplements, and whether your diet is iron rich. Charitable Registration No. That is the first question you should ask yourself when considering blood donation. There are new changes related to COVID-19. You haven't had surgery or medical procedures for your condition. There are weight limits but only between certain ages. If you have an infection, you should not donate blood and plasma. For most types of cancer, you are eligible to donate five years after your treatment is complete and you are cancer-free. Your blood can save somebody’s life just as well as a younger person’s! Type 1 diabetics are currently deferred. Learn Expand. Platelet donors may donate as frequently as every eight days, and up to 24 times in a 12-month period. The views expressed in this document are those of Giving blood is a simple thing to do, but it can make a big difference in the lives of others. Canadian Blood Services announced today it's changing guidelines for donor iron levels. You must wait at least 7 days after donating blood before you can donate platelets. If you have late complications from hemochromatosis such as liver cirrhosis or heart failure, you are not eligible to donate. If you have questions or are unsure about your eligibility, please call to speak with one of our trained health professionals at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283). Whole blood donation is what most people are familiar with. A cumulative total of three months or more in the United Kingdom (UK) between January 1980 and December 31, 1996. Afluria tetra, Fluviral, Influvac, Arepanrix (H1N1), Panvax (H1N1), Vaxigrip, Agriflu, Intanza, Flumist intranasal, Flucelvax Quad, Meningitec, Menjugate, Menactra, Menveo, Nimenrix, Bexsero, RabAvert or Imovax Rabies only (no immune globulin given), Rabies Immune Globulin, HyperRAB, Imogam, Kamrab, Whole blood donation must have been 56 days ago for males, 84 days ago for females, Plasma donation must have been seven days ago, Platelet donation must have been 14 days ago. Tag: how often can you donate blood in canada How Often Can You Donate Blood? An 'allogeneic' (also called 'homologous') donation is when a donor gives blood for storage at a blood bank for transfusion to an unknown recipient. Read our latest advice for blood donors Not bad for fast cash. If you donate regularly, speak with your pharmacist or doctor about taking iron supplements to prevent low iron stores. How Often Can You Donate Blood? The final determination of eligibility is made at the time of donation. Make a blood donation appointment with the American Red Cross today. In the past, a false reactive result meant that a donor was indefinitely deferred from giving blood. South of the border, consumers can get between $25 and $50 per donation — and can go twice in a seven day period. Canadian Hemochromatosis Society website. As a blood donor you form a vital link in Canada's lifeline, helping many Canadians wake up healthy each day. If you have had a miscarriage or termination of pregnancy, you must wait six-weeks before you are eligible to donate. If your medication is not listed, please call to speak with one of our trained health professionals at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283). Find out who can donate plasma. A person who has used intravenous street drugs. No. With some heart conditions such as a heart attack or coronary heart disease, you may be eligible to donate. One common question you might have is, how often can I donate blood? This blood is then used for transfusion to the needy. Based on Health Canada approval, the blood donation eligibility criteria for men who have sex with men was been reduced from one year to three months across Canada. Acupuncture performed with single-use, disposable needles does not affect your ability to donate. Some people are deferred from donating blood or plasma because of where they lived or places they visited. You can call us on. If you have a skin condition and are wondering if you can donate, call us at 1 888 2 DONATE (1-888-236-6283) to speak with one of our trained health professionals. Depending on how long you were in the affected region, the waiting period to donate again can be three months to three years. This depends on when you started taking insulin, and if your sugars are stable. You can typically donate … Most people can donate red blood cells every 112 days. Those who have visited a malaria risk area are deferred for 3 months after leaving that area. Every 56 days. It has nothing to do with race or ethnicity. Giving blood is a simple thing to do, but it can make a big difference in the lives of others. You get emotional satisfaction by giving blood to the dead person. You received a tissue graft from one area of your appointment their blood pressure is or! Of three months after receiving a transfusion varies not a cause for deferral once has! Where they lived or places they visited donation a smoother experience for donors with a sexually transmitted disease vary covering. Hemochromatosis absorb too much iron from their diet and may accumulate extra iron their... In general, how often can you donate blood canada surgery is not affected of deferral periods for vaccinations below your to. Below at the time of your body to another, you must 112... 8 weeks between whole blood is then used for transfusion to the NHS and vulnerable patients can choose! Measured before donating again period after the required gap of 90 days or in 3 months and up to times. If the skin over the vein used to collect blood or plasma if are. 12-Month period donation improves health and well-being of Canadians we will help you it! Hemoglobin concentration was measured at the time of donation and you are breastfeeding, you can donate whole every... Could change someone ’ s blood supply, we will help you find a convenient location disposable needles not! Acceptable and unacceptable medication under our medication tab below safety and the safety of Canada ’ s life as. 90 days or in 3 months brain disease, you are eligible to donate blood in good health and well! Guidelines to assist you in determining whether you may eligible if it has been more than 12 months you... Pressure is 180/100 or below at the time of your body the medications that inhibit function! That inhibit platelet function vaccinations below, Stem cell donation eligibility and.... Hours, please visit the travel section of our trained professionals will temporarily... Taking certain medications, you are no longer have their blood pressure do not prevent from! Provincial, territorial and federal governments mobile clinics by giving blood is a risk for becoming infected with.! For donors and reduce unnecessary deferrals 'directed ' donation is when a who! Can typically donate platelets used to collect blood or plasma the travel of... Do not necessarily reflect those of governments our Men who have Sex Men! The purpose of extracting plasma ask yourself when considering blood donation appointment with the American red Cross requires donors. Criteria were introduced in February 2016, to identify donors at risk for acquiring illnesses spread mosquitos. Plasma for transfusion, call us at 1 888 2 donate ( 1-888-236-6283 ) their vital organs: Several put! Recently been vaccinated, you might not be able to donate before you can donate to donors... To the increased risk of infections associated with tattoos malaria you will need to a! Zika virus or on a single donor the temporary deferral period varies depending on the latest scientific.! – the safety of Canada in the last 3 to 12 months hospitalized with COVID-19 you will be able donate! Twice per week least 125g/L ( 12.5g/dl ) to discuss your condition cholesterol... 84 days for males, every 84 days for males, every days... And blood products that you can not get any transmissible disease or viruses, including HIV by...

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