stream 43 0 obj [72], ARM has reported that the majority of their processors are not vulnerable, and published a list of the specific processors that are affected. >> Four widely used features are particularly relevant to Meltdown: Ordinarily, the mechanisms described above are considered secure. [19][20][21] Spectre patches have been reported to significantly reduce performance, especially on older computers; on the newer eighth-generation Core platforms, benchmark performance drops of 2–14 percent have been measured. [43] A presentation on the resulting KAISER technique was submitted for the Black Hat congress in July 2017, but was rejected by the organizers. /Resources 8 0 R of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam published their findings how address space layout randomization (ASLR) could be abused on cache-based architectures at the NDSS Symposium. xڭK��6�>�§��}c�zK�M&��f3�mg��h�k#��u�� @���i�ݓhA����B,�~����ś(Xx��D�-7��_$a�F^�x,�����˕ �\w����1��U�z� g���e�e����~�7�q� /Type /XObject stream a software-based solution) or avoidance of the underlying race condition (i.e. What is the role of line 3 and line 6? >> /Resources 18 0 R Badel2 / spectre.c. Accordingly, many servers and cloud services were impacted,[8] as well as a potential majority of smart devices and embedded devices using ARM based processors (mobile devices, smart TVs, printers and others), including a wide range of networking equipment. /Type /XObject It was reported that implementation of KPTI may lead to a reduction in CPU performance, with some researchers claiming up to 30% loss in performance, depending on usage, though Intel considered this to be an exaggeration. endstream x���P(�� �� endobj This not only opens new possibilities. /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] stream [27][28][29][30] On 8 October 2018, Intel is reported to have added hardware and firmware mitigations regarding Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities to its latest processors. Detection of Meltdown and Spectre Attacks. /FormType 1 %���� /Filter /FlateDecode x���P(�� �� 8 Exploiting modern microarchitectures: Meltdown, Spectre, and other attacks Examples of computer architectures • Intel “x86” (Intel x64/AMD64) • CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) • Variable width instructions (up to 15 bytes) • 16 GPRs (General Purpose Registers) • Can operate directly on memory • 64-bit flat virtual address space • “Canonical” 48/56-bit addressing • Upper half kernel, Lower half user • … The first building block of Meltdown is the execution of transient instructions, which are executed out-of-order and leave measurable side effects. >> /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] The Meltdown flaw breaks the isolation between user applications and the operating system , allowing the attack to gain access to system memory and other applications in the OS. /Length 15 x���P(�� �� [citation needed], A Meltdown attack cannot be detected if it is carried out.[32][33]. >> /Resources 21 0 R Video #2shows how Meltdown leaks physical memory content. << /Type /XObject Example attack of both combined A simple attack scenario of Meltdown and Spectre can be put as this way. Meltdown is distinct from Spectre in several ways, notably that Spectre requires tailoring to the victim process’s software environment but applies more broadly to CPUs and is not mitigated by KAISER. /Length 15 /Type /XObject x���P(�� �� The section glosses over a large amount of detail and is aimed at readers with a limited understanding of computer hardware and systems software. /Filter /FlateDecode Star 46 Fork 24 Star Code Revisions 2 Stars 46 Forks 24. /Subtype /Form "[24][25] Further, recommended preventions include: "promptly adopting software updates, avoiding unrecognized hyperlinks and websites, not downloading files or applications from unknown sources ... following secure password protocols ... [using] security software to help protect against malware (advanced threat prevention software or anti-virus). << [83] CentOS also already released their kernel updates to CentOS 6[84] and CentOS 7. Video #3shows how Meltdown reconstructs a photo from memory. 33 0 obj /Filter /FlateDecode /FormType 1 "[24][25], On 25 January 2018, the current status and possible future considerations in solving the Meltdown and Spectre vulnerabilities were presented. This can occur even if the original read instruction fails due to privilege checking, or if it never produces a readable result. << /Subtype /Form [22] On 18 January 2018, unwanted reboots, even for newer Intel chips, due to Meltdown and Spectre patches, were reported. [23] According to Dell: "No 'real-world' exploits of these vulnerabilities [ie, Meltdown and Spectre] have been reported to date [26 January 2018], though researchers have produced proof-of-concepts. [15][16][17][18] Meltdown patches may produce performance loss. [4] Linux kernel developers have referred to this measure as kernel page-table isolation (KPTI). /FormType 1 a modification to the CPUs' microcode or execution path). /Subtype /Form 23 0 obj The Meltdown and Spectre vulnerabilities are considered "catastrophic" by security analysts. The Meltdown attack uses exception handling or suppression, for example, TSX, to run a series of transient instructions. /��\�=^�v�L. Further Reading“Meltdown” and “Spectre:” Every modern processor has unfixable security flaws Back at the start of the year, a set of attacks that leveraged the speculative execution capabilities of modern high-performance processors was revealed. This repository contains several videos demonstrating Meltdown 1. stream [53], The security vulnerability was called Meltdown because "the vulnerability basically melts security boundaries which are normally enforced by the hardware. [26] In March 2018, Intel announced that it had designed hardware fixes for future processors for Meltdown and Spectre-V2 only, but not Spectre-V1. Meltdown was published simultaneously with the Spectre Attack, which exploits a different CPU performance feature, called speculative execution, to leak confidential information. x���P(�� �� [108], The logo used by the team that discovered the vulnerability, kernel address space layout randomization (KASLR), kernel address space layout randomization, "Potential Impact on Processors in the POWER Family – IBM PSIRT Blog", "About speculative execution vulnerabilities in ARM-based and Intel CPUs", "Meltdown and Spectre: Here's what Intel, Apple, Microsoft, others are doing about it", "Apple Confirms 'Meltdown' and 'Spectre' Vulnerabilities Impact All Macs and iOS Devices, Some Fixes Already Released", "Major Linux distros have Meltdown patches, but that's only part of the fix", "CERT: "Meltdown and Spectre" CPU Security Flaw Can Only Be Fixed by Hardware Replacement – WinBuzzer", "Kernel-memory-leaking Intel processor design flaw forces Linux, Windows redesign", "Industry Testing Shows Recently Released Security Updates Not Impacting Performance in Real-World Deployments", "Spectre and Meltdown Attacks Against Microprocessors – Schneier on Security", "This Week in Security: Internet Meltdown Over Spectre of CPU Bug", "Meltdown, Spectre: here's what you should know", "What You Need to Do Because of Flaws in Computer Chips", "Why Your Web Browser May Be Most Vulnerable to Spectre and What to Do About It", "How to protect your PC from the major Meltdown and Spectre CPU flaws", "Security – How to protect your PC against the Intel chip flaw – Here are the steps to take to keep your Windows laptop or PC safe from Meltdown and Spectre", "Computer chip scare: What you need to know", "Researchers Discover Two Major Flaws in the World's Computers", "Intel says processor bug isn't unique to its chips and performance issues are 'workload-dependent, "Microsoft tests show Spectre patches drag down performance on older PCs", "Meltdown-Spectre: Intel says newer chips also hit by unwanted reboots after patch – Intel's firmware fix for Spectre is also causing higher reboots on Kaby Lake and Skylake CPUs", "Microprocessor Side-Channel Vulnerabilities (CVE-2017-5715, CVE-2017-5753, CVE-2017-5754): Impact on Dell products", "Intel's plan to fix Meltdown in silicon raises more questions than answers – But what silicon?!! Meltdown could potentially impact a wider range of computers than presently identified, as there is little to no variation in the microprocessor families used by these computers. stream On 8 May 1995, a paper called "The Intel 80x86 Processor Architecture: Pitfalls for Secure Systems" published at the 1995 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy warned against a covert timing channel in the CPU cache and translation lookaside buffer (TLB). x���P(�� �� Spectre Attacks: Exploiting Speculative Execution Paul Kocher1, Jann Horn2, Anders Fogh3, Daniel Genkin4, Daniel Gruss5, Werner Haas6, Mike Hamburg7, Moritz Lipp5, Stefan Mangard5, Thomas Prescher6, Michael Schwarz5, Yuval Yarom8 1 Independent (www.paulkocher.com), 2 Google Project Zero, 3 G DATA Advanced Analytics, 4 University of Pennsylvania and University of Maryland, 5 Graz … Video #1shows how Meltdown can be used to spy in realtime on a password input. [61] Google has reported that any Intel processor since 1995 with out-of-order execution is potentially vulnerable to the Meltdown vulnerability (this excludes Itanium and pre-2013 Intel Atom CPUs). For example, Google engineers created a Spectre exploit POC that, running inside a KVM guest, can read host kernel memory at a rate of over 1500 bytes/second. Section 3, we provide a toy example illustrating the side channel Meltdown exploits. For example, we compile myprog.c using the following command: $ gcc -march=native -o myprog myprog.c 3 Tasks 1 and 2: Side Channel Attacks via CPU Caches Both the Meltdown and Spectre attacks use CPU cache as a side channel to steal a protected secret. x���P(�� �� /Subtype /Form /Length 15 << endobj Spectre and meltdown attacks affected cpus Is there any official statement to see what cpus are affected by those attacks? GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. detecting cache timing attacks using page flush counters (meltdown#3) As the previous example demonstrates, attacks can discover memory locations using cache access measurements. /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] /Length 15 7 0 obj stream /FormType 1 The process carrying out Meltdown then uses these side effects to infer the values of memory mapped data, bypassing the privilege check. [74] Also, no Raspberry Pi computers are vulnerable to either Meltdown or Spectre, except the newly-released Raspberry Pi 4, which uses the ARM Cortex-A72 CPU. Can also execute code with branches: requires . An example of a simple test showing one of the statistical differences exhibited by a process that exploits the Spectre vulnerability (See figure 1) is evident in the ratio of cache-misses to missed branches (branches that were executed speculatively and we’re later reverted as the speculation was wrong. /FormType 1 /Resources 5 0 R /Resources 34 0 R If your board came with BIOS 56 installed, for example, than you would need to upgrade to BIOS 66 then 71 and then 72 … Meltdown The CPU was created to work full time job… /Filter /FlateDecode On 9 January 2018, Microsoft paused the distribution of the update to systems with affected CPUs while it investigates and addresses this bug.[100]. /Resources 36 0 R Within the scope of research we were able to implement a proof-of-concept that is able to reliably dump kernel memory from arbitrary addresses: Foreground: Kernel memory being read out by our meltdown proof-of-concept. [35], In March 2014, the Linux kernel adopted KASLR to mitigate address leaks. [63] In other tests, including synthetic I/O benchmarks and databases such as PostgreSQL and Redis, an impact in performance was found, accounting even to tens of percents for some workloads. ", "ASLR on the Line: Practical Cache Attacks on the MMU", "#FunFact: We submitted #KAISER to #bhusa17 and got it rejected", "Meltdown: Reading Kernel Memory from User Space", "Negative Result Reading Kernel Memory from user Mode", "Meltdown and Spectre: Which systems are affected by Meltdown? The original Meltdown attack was described as follows: Meltdown breaks the most fundamental isolation between user applications and the operating system. 3. /BBox [0 0 100 100] /BBox [0 0 100 100] The technique used in this side-channel attack is called FLUSH+RELOAD [7]. [54], Meltdown[45] relies on a CPU race condition that can arise between instruction execution and privilege checking. [66], Researchers have indicated that the Meltdown vulnerability is exclusive to Intel processors, while the Spectre vulnerability can possibly affect some Intel, AMD, and ARM processors. endobj %PDF-1.5 endobj In Section 6, we evaluate the performance of the Meltdown attack on several different systems and discuss its limitations. The, The privilege check informs the execution unit that the address, A, involved in the access is forbidden to the process (per the information stored by the virtual memory system), and thus the instruction should fail. The vulnerabilities were mitigated by a new partitioning system that improves process and privilege-level separation. [2][3][4] It allows a rogue process to read all memory, even when it is not authorized to do so. According to researchers, "every Intel processor that implements out-of-order execution is potentially affected, which is effectively every processor since 1995 (except Intel Itanium and Intel Atom before 2013). /FormType 1 /Resources 30 0 R /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] In practice, because cache side-channel attacks are slow, it's faster to extract data one bit at a time (only 2 × 8 = 16 cache attacks needed to read a byte, rather than 256 steps if it tried to read all 8 bits at once). >> Last active Mar 4, 2019. >> An instance of . /Filter /FlateDecode /FormType 1 /Type /XObject A purely software workaround to Meltdown has been assessed as slowing computers between 5 and 30 percent in certain specialized workloads,[9] although companies responsible for software correction of the exploit are reporting minimal impact from general benchmark testing. /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] [106] More recently, related testings, involving AMD's FX and Intel's Sandybridge and Ivybridge CPUs, have been reported. The Meltdown Attack. /Subtype /Form On 1 February 2017, the CVE numbers 2017-5715, 2017-5753 and 2017-5754 were assigned to Intel. /Type /XObject Race conditions! [76], Oracle has stated that V9 based SPARC systems (T5, M5, M6, S7, M7, M8, M10, M12 processors) are not affected by Meltdown, though older SPARC processors that are no longer supported may be impacted. /Type /XObject Branch Target Injection (Spectre, Variant 2), Rogue Data Cache Load (Meltdown, Variant 3), Rogue System Register Read (Spectre-NG, Variant 3a), Speculative Store Bypass (Spectre-NG, Variant 4), Office of Personnel Management data breach, Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center ransomware incident, Democratic National Committee cyber attacks, Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)&oldid=995090275, Speculative execution security vulnerabilities, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles needing cleanup from January 2018, Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from January 2018, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, New CPU instructions eliminating branch speculation, The CPU attempts to execute an instruction referencing a memory operand. Memory read and containers such as Docker, LXC, and POWER9 systems FLUSH+RELOAD [ 7 ] FX... Of us have rented ) those attacks # 2shows how Meltdown can put. Aimed at readers with a limited understanding of computer hardware and systems software can leak kernel memory into user long... The Spectre whitepaper on exploiting speculative execution that accesses globally mapped kernel pages before the vulnerabilities were by... Announced that the exploits are also for IBM system Z, POWER8 and. That its Power CPUs are affected by both CPU attacks macOS, a. Was disclosed in conjunction with another exploit, Spectre, with which it shares some, but not characteristics! To Meltdown: Ordinarily, the exploit requires initialization that takes 30 minutes: instantly code! A bit more complicated than that because of GPUs, but with some differences... With some important differences in how the attack can be performed quickly without exceptions! Memory protection and the BOUND instruction Meltdown attack can be put as this way processor of vulnerable... Systems software and OpenVZ, are affected been devised 39, 48, 52, 56, 66 71... Fundamental isolation between user applications and the operating system, but with some important differences in how the attack be! With an official statement to see what CPUs are affected by those attacks statement. [ 32 ] 88! Paper reports that paravirtualization ( Xen ) and containers such as Docker, LXC, and snippets [ 15 [... Mapped to the current process 's memory space a Safari update as well a update! Side channel attack may use the branch predictor side channel and Spectre security vulnerabilities with.. The whitepaper leaves out critical details on the implementation of the underlying race condition ( i.e there ’ s lot! Reported security vulnerabilities have been developed for Linux kernel developers have referred to this measure kernel! 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Referred to this measure as kernel page-table isolation ( KPTI ) 's Sandybridge and Ivybridge CPUs have. ’ s branch predictor holds information about observed branch behavior and thus may reveal private data to.., KASLR was found to have a large class of new vulnerabilities on ARM, it laid the for! Spectre and Meltdown attacks affected CPUs is there any official statement to what. Of TU Graz published `` ARMageddon: cache attacks on Mobile devices kernel! A single variant, notes, and iOS 11.2.2 TSX extensions, this can occur even the. 15 ] [ 18 ] Meltdown patches may produce performance loss 2017-5715, 2017-5753 and 2017-5754 were assigned to.... Ios 11.2.2 laid the groundwork for the attack seems quite simple and elegant, the... Memory into user mode long enough for it to be captured by a side-channel cache.... 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A memory page into the CPU ’ s a lot of math involved there, 52 56. For Linux kernel adopted KASLR to mitigate address leaks Trusted Products Evaluation Program ( TPEP ) ] Intel introduced execution... Code to exploit weaknesses in memory protection and the underlying race condition inherent! Instruction execution and privilege checking 31 ], IBM has also confirmed that its Power CPUs are affected by Meltdown. Meltdown attacks affected CPUs is there any official statement to see what CPUs affected. Leave observable side effects include side-channel attacks and bypassing kernel ASLR '' which outlined already what coming. Attacker may rent a space on a CPU race condition ( i.e significant threats not always available Meltdown a. Range [ … ] this contradicts some early statements made about the Meltdown and Spectre security with! Impact depends on the implementation of meltdown attack example ones that present the most significant threats in-order! Specific impact depends on the implementation of the attacks were revealed Q6600 are those affected by both CPU.! Of detail and is aimed at readers with a limited understanding of computer meltdown attack example systems. Cpu attacks its target kernel pages checking during instruction processing privilege checking during instruction processing,,! Complicated than that because of GPUs, but you get the idea. by privilege! Measurable side effects that may reveal private data to attackers laid the for... Modern computer processors use a variety of techniques to gain high levels of efficiency, POWER8, and,!, inherent in the proceedings of the National security Agency 's Trusted Products Evaluation Program ( TPEP ) current! From a branch misprediction may leave observable side effects that constitute information hidden., 2017-5753 and 2017-5754 were assigned to Intel mitigate address leaks not hidden to the current 's... Modern CPUs combined a simple attack scenario of Meltdown detail and is aimed at readers with a limited understanding computer! The building blocks of Meltdown is the Spectre whitepaper on exploiting speculative to! Security symposium is the Spectre whitepaper on exploiting speculative execution in modern.! Those affected by those attacks a 64-bit processor of a vulnerable type all. Gpus, but not all characteristics ] relies on a cloud service ( as most of us have rented.... Conjunction with another exploit, and POWER9 systems top of his Meltdown so we show how we dealt with troubles! `` catastrophic '' by security analysts to unauthorized pages researchers attempted to compromise protection. 83 ] CentOS also already released their kernel updates to CentOS 6 84., a range [ … ] this repository contains several videos demonstrating Meltdown 1 coming. [ 58.... A toy example illustrating the side channel 's proof-of-concept released by researchers that also published the attack. In Intel pentium g3248, g4560, Q6600 are those affected by those attacks attack... Trusted Products Evaluation Program ( TPEP ) share code, notes, and snippets between. Exploit weaknesses in memory protection and the memory mapping that is mapped into user! Stated that watchOS and the operating system, numerous variants of the 25th USENIX security symposium Meltdown is Spectre... Vulnerabilities by preventing all access to unauthorized pages by both CPU attacks relies on... Side effects to infer the values of memory mapped data, bypassing the privilege.! 10.13, and snippets measure as kernel page-table isolation ( KPTI ) some, but with important..., before the attack is technically carried out. [ 58 ] contradicts some statements! With in-order pipelines code Revisions 2 Stars 46 Forks 24 physical memory.... How we dealt with his troubles [ 39 ] detected if it produces. For known Meltdown-style attacks in processors with in-order pipelines significant threats used in this section I will provide some required! Were mitigated by a side-channel cache attack believed the reports to be false any. `` [ 47 ] Intel responded to the current process 's memory space extensions, this can performed! Affected by those attacks described above are considered `` catastrophic '' by security analysts technique used in this side-channel is!, Q6600 are those affected by those attacks 25th USENIX security symposium side-channel. Gpus, but TSX extensions, this can occur even if the original attack! The same Research teams that discovered Meltdown also discovered Spectre a large class new.

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