Kummetz then turned back north to draw the destroyers away. While en route, the British submarine HMS Triton attacked the flotilla, though her torpedoes missed. [10] In the summer of 1936, following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, she deployed to the Atlantic to participate in non-intervention patrols off the Republican-held coast of Spain. [35] British naval intelligence worked to convince Langsdorff that vastly superior forces were concentrating to destroy his ship, if he attempted to break out of the harbor. The Admiralty broadcast a series of signals, on frequencies known to be intercepted by German intelligence. The torpedo destroyed Lützow's stern, causing it to collapse and nearly fall off, and blew off her steering gear. [29] The British detected the German departure and ordered the convoy to scatter. [15], On 5 October, the British and French navies formed eight groups to hunt down Admiral Graf Spee in the South Atlantic. This battleship / Admiral Graf Spee was a Deutschland-class "Panzerschiff", nicknamed a "pocket battleship" by the British. Her anti-aircraft battery originally consisted of three 8.8 cm (3.5 in) L/45 guns, though in 1935 these were replaced with six 8.8 cm L/78 guns. The pocket battleships had an eventful career with the Kreigsmarine. The ship conducted five non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War in 1936–1938, and participated in the Coronation Review of King George VI in May 1937. [27] Doric Star was able to send out a distress signal before she was sunk, which prompted Harwood to take his three cruisers to the mouth of the River Plate, which he suspected might be Langsdorff's next target. The cargo ship transmitted an "RRR" signal ("I am under attack by a raider") before the cruiser ordered her to stop. This battleship / Admiral Graf Spee was a Deutschland-class “Panzerschiff”, nicknamed a “pocket battleship” by the British. First, renaming the ship would confuse Allied intelligence; Raeder also recognized the propaganda value of the sinking of a ship that bore the name of its country. Two days later, she encountered and sank the merchant ship Ashlea. The vessel was named after Admiral Maximilian von Spee, commander of the East Asia Squadron who fought the battles of Coronel and the Falkland Islands, where he was killed in action, in World War I. [8] Stalin subsequently issued orders that further attacks on German and Italian warships were strictly prohibited. Built between 1903 and 1908, the ships closely resembled those of the preceding Braunschweig class, though they had stronger armor protection. "G" denoted that the equipment was manufactured by GEMA, "g" indicated that it operated between 335 and 440, "Convention (XIII) concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War", "What should Uruguay do with its Nazi eagle? Lützow was referenced once in the Wehrmachtbericht, an information bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht. Admiral Graf Spee was a Deutschland-class "Panzerschiff" (armored ship), nicknamed a "pocket battleship" by the British, which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II. A third struck her superstructure behind the port-side aircraft crane. [10], Severe weather in the North Atlantic hampered Deutschland's raiding mission, though she did tie down several British warships assigned to track her down. Convinced by false reports of superior British naval forces approaching his ship, Hans Langsdorff, the commander of the ship, ordered the vessel to be scuttled. A hit in the bow would also have negatively affected her seaworthiness in the heavy seas of the North Atlantic. [2] The ship's top speed was 28.5 knots (52.8 km/h; 32.8 mph), at 54,000 PS (53,260 shp; 39,720 kW). In the span of thirty minutes, Admiral Graf Spee had hit Exeter three times, disabling her two forward turrets, destroying her bridge and her aircraft catapult, and starting major fires. Between September and December 1939, the warship sank nine vessels totaling 50,089 gross register tons (GRT), before being confronted by three British cruisers at the Battle of the River Plate on 13 December. The force left Germany on 8 April and passed through the Kattegat. By the end of the war, her anti-aircraft battery had again been reorganized, consisting of six 4 cm (1.6 in) guns, ten 3.7 cm guns, and twenty-eight 2 cm guns. The British cruisers turned toward Lützow and came under fire from both German cruisers. Deutschland's armored belt was 60 to 80 mm (2.4 to 3.1 in) thick; her upper deck was 17 mm (0.67 in) thick while the main armored deck was 17 to 45 mm (0.67 to 1.77 in) thick. [11] Deutschland was ordered to strictly observe prize rules, which required raiders to stop and search ships for contraband before sinking them, and to ensure that their crews are safely evacuated. Sunk in the Kaiserfahrt in April 1945 by Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers, Lützow was used as a gun battery to support German troops fighting the Soviet Army until 4 May 1945, when she was disabled by her crew. [2], Admiral Graf Spee's primary armament was six 28 cm (11 in) SK C/28 guns mounted in two triple gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. [37] In the aftermath of the scuttling, the ship's crew were taken to Argentina, where they were interned for the remainder of the war. [4] The ship was commissioned into the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1933. [32], As a result of battle damage and casualties, Langsdorff decided to put into Montevideo, where repairs could be effected and the wounded men could be evacuated from the ship. The two sister-ships of her class, Deutschland and Admiral Scheer, were reclassified as heavy cruisers in 1940. [24] The ship was only able to fire her secondary battery in return. The class comprised Deutschland, Hannover, Pommern, Schlesien, and Schleswig-Holstein. Damaged at the Battle of Drøbak Sound, she was recalled to Germany for repairs. Deutschland was ordered by the Reichsmarine from the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel as Ersatz Preussen, as a replacement for the old battleship Preussen. Meanwhile, on 14 October, Deutschland encountered and sank the Norwegian transport Lorentz W Hansen,[10] of some 1,918 GRT. Admiral Graf Spee was deployed to the South Atlantic in the weeks before the outbreak of World War II, to be positioned in merchant sea lanes once war was declared. The ship had a design displacement of 14,890 t (14,650 long tons) and a full load displacement of 16,020 long tons (16,280 t),[2] though the ship was officially stated to be within the 10,000-long-ton (10,160 t) limit of the Treaty of Versailles. [17] In 1940, the ship underwent a major overhaul, during which a raked clipper bow was installed to improve the sea-keeping qualities of the ship. The prize crew recovered secret documents containing shipping route information. Deutschland (later renamed Lützow), Admiral Scheer and Admiral Graf Spee were simply termed panzerschiffe (armored ships) by the Germans, but they were known to their opponents by the far more evocative term Pocket Battleships. The Americans met the German crewmen, who were still in Montevideo. [37][39] The multiple explosions from the munitions sent jets of flame high into the air and created a large cloud of smoke that obscured the ship which burned in the shallow water for the next two days. In March 1935, she sailed as far as the Caribbean and South American waters. Thats often cited as the reason and may or may no be true but theres also another, more practical reason for the name change. Lützow followed directly behind the flagship, with Emden astern. Her keel was laid on 5 February 1929, under construction number 219. [23] At the end of October, Langsdorff sailed his ship into the Indian Ocean south of Madagascar. She ran aground during a planned attack on convoy PQ 17, which necessitated another return to Germany for repairs. See more. Deutschland Wehrmacht Oberkommando (1985) (in German). The ship was also ordered to avoid combat with even inferior naval forces, as commerce disruption was the primary objective. [11] On the return voyage from Spain, Admiral Graf Spee stopped in Great Britain to represent Germany in the Coronation Review at Spithead for King George VI on 20 May. Langsdorff assumed this to be the escort for a convoy mentioned in the documents recovered from Tairoa. [6], Admiral Graf Spee was ordered by the Reichsmarine from the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven. Her anti-aircraft battery originally consisted of three 8.8 cm (3.5 in) L/45 guns, though in 1935 these were replaced with six 8.8 cm (3.5 in) L/78 guns. The ship's remaining ammunition supply was dispersed throughout the ship, in preparation for scuttling. The main battery turrets had 140 mm (5.5 in) thick faces and 80 mm thick sides. She was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshavenin October 1932 an… [11], On 5 October, she found and sank the British transport ship Stonegate, though not before the freighter was able to send a distress signal informing vessels in the area of Deutschland's presence. By this time, Admiral Graf Spee had cruised for almost 30,000 nautical miles (56,000 km; 35,000 mi) and needed an engine overhaul. Her duties during the deployment included evacuating refugees fleeing from the fighting, protecting German ships carrying supplies for Francisco Franco's Nationalists, and gathering intelligence for the Nationalists. [17], Lützow was assigned to Group 5, alongside the new heavy cruiser Blücher and the light cruiser Emden, under the command of Konteradmiral Oskar Kummetz. Ordered by the Weimar government for the Reichsmarine, she was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel in February 1929 and completed by April 1933. [1] The ship was launched on 19 May 1931; at her launching, she was christened by German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning. The propulsion system proved to be so problematic that repairs in Germany were necessary. Their top speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) left only the few battlecruisers in the Anglo-French navies fast enough and powerful enough to sink them.[1]. [2], Admiral Graf Spee's armored belt was 100 mm (3.9 in) thick; her upper deck was 17 mm (0.67 in) thick while the main armored deck was 45 to 70 mm (1.8 to 2.8 in) thick. Her keel was laid on 1 October 1932,[7] under construction number 125. She made an official visit to Spain following the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War 1939. Deutschland was ordered by the Reichsmarine from the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel as Ersatz Preussen, as a replacement for the old battleship Preussen. The two sister-ships of her class, Deutschland and Admiral Scheer, were reclassified as heavy cruisers in 1940. During the attack on Norway, the ship suffered nineteen dead, and another fifteen were killed by the torpedo strike. They used the knowledge thus acquired to try to develop countermeasures, under the leadership of Fred Hoyle at the British radar project. [30] Lützow returned to Germany for repairs, which lasted until the end of October. Twenty-four of the convoy's thirty-five transports were sunk. Authenticast Comet Metal Prinz Euben Class Battleship Circa 1940's. She was part of the celebrations for the reintegration of the port of Memel into Germany,[11] and a fleet review in honor of Admiral Miklós Horthy, the Regent of Hungary. [14] A prize crew was dispatched to the ship; they took the ship with the original crew held prisoner to Germany via Murmansk. On the night of 5 December, Admiral Graf Spee sank the steamer Tairoa. [11] These included cruises into the Atlantic, where she stopped in Tangier and Vigo. Captain Robert Sherbrooke, the British escort commander, left two destroyers to cover the convoy while he took the remaining four to pursue Admiral Hipper. Admiral Scheer was the second of the three Deutschland class heavy cruisers ordered and funded by the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic in 1926. Trials were completed by December 1933, and the ship was ready for active service with the fleet. Admiral Graf Spee inflicted heavy damage on the British ships, but she too was damaged, and was forced to put into port at Montevideo, Uruguay. The ship was seized by Norway when she anchored in Haugesund, however, and control of the ship was returned to the original crew. [38] A crowd of 20,000 watched as the scuttling charges were set; the crew was taken off by an Argentine tug and the ship was scuttled at 20:55. [13] On 1 September, the cruiser rendezvoused with her supply ship Altmark southwest of the Canary Islands. The purpose of that foray was to divert Allied warships away from the South Atlantic, and to confuse the Allies about his intentions. [33], Langsdorff was unwilling to risk the lives of his crew, so he decided to scuttle the ship. In April 1934, Adolf Hitler visited the ship; he reportedly toured the ship alone, speaking informally with crewmen. 1933 - German pocket battleship "Deutschland" completed. The Deutschland class was a group of five pre-dreadnought battleships built for the German Kaiserliche Marine. Admiral Graf Spee took Clement's captain and chief engineer prisoner but left the rest of her crew to abandon ship in the lifeboats. The cruisers engaged Admiral Hipper, which had been firing to port at the destroyer Obedient. Entries are listed below in alphanumeric order (1-to-Z). The work was completed in Kiel by January 1944, after which she remained in the Baltic Sea to conduct training cruises for new naval personnel. During the deployment, her gun turrets were painted with large black, white, and red bands to aid in identification from the air and indicate her neutral status. At 05:52, however, the ship was identified as HMS Exeter; she was accompanied by a pair of smaller warships, initially thought to be destroyers but quickly identified as Leander-class cruisers. [31], Lützow meanwhile steamed toward the convoy from the south, and at 11:42 she opened fire. Admiral Graf Spee had fired much of her ammunition in the engagement with Harwood's cruisers. [10], On 24 August 1939, a week before the German invasion of Poland, Deutschland set sail from Wilhelmshaven, bound for a position south of Greenland. To be singled out in the Wehrmachtbericht was an honor. After returning to Germany, she went into dock for routine maintenance work, as well as installation of additional equipment. Find out why the Deutschland Class Pocket Battleship makes our top ten list! The German force was strong with the heavy cruiser KMS Admiral Hipper and pocket battleship Lutzow. [10], After the conclusion of the Review, Admiral Graf Spee returned to Spain for a fourth non-intervention patrol. The British Admiralty immediately issued a warning to merchant shipping that a German surface raider was in the area. In 1937, while anchored off the Balearic island of Ibiza, the Deutschland was bombed by a Loyalist Spanish plane. The ship was equipped with two Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult. She eventually landed her troop complement in Verle Bay, after which she used her operational 28 cm guns to provide fire support. [25] Despite the setback, KzS August Thiele, Lützow's commander, was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his actions during the Battle of Drøbak Sound, during which he took command of the task force after the loss of Blücher. [38] In late January 1940, the neutral American cruiser USS Helena arrived in Montevideo and the crew was permitted to visit the wreck of Admiral Graf Spee. Bad weather hampered her efforts, and she only sank or captured a handful of vessels before returning to Germany. [19] The refit lasted until March 1940,[17] after which it was intended to send the ship on another commerce raiding operation into the South Atlantic. [22][23] Lützow was hit three times by 15 cm shells from Oscarsborg's Kopås battery, causing significant damage.[24]. ", Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in December 1939, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_cruiser_Admiral_Graf_Spee&oldid=1006060275, Military units and formations of Nazi Germany in the Spanish Civil War, World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean, World War II shipwrecks in the South Atlantic, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 February 2021, at 20:43. Fuel shortages restricted operations, although Lützow and Admiral Scheer were able to conduct limited battle training exercises. The ship was partially broken up in situ, though part of the ship remained visible above the surface of the water. Langsdorff was ordered to avoid combat, even with inferior opponents, and to frequently change position. The Allied press coined the moniker "pocket battleship," which stuck. The pocket battleships played an important role in the Second World War at sea – perhaps a disproportionately large role relative to their power and the cost of building and maintaining them. The Deutschland-class battleships were similar in design to the earlier Braunschweig-class battleships, and had general dimensions of 127.6 meters long, 22.2 meters beam, and 8.21 meters draught. Save money and get a big ship POCKET battleship James Taylor has smashed Kevin Pietersen's claims that he is too small for international cricket over the fence ahead of his return to the big stage. [6] Deutschland was powered by four sets of MAN 9-cylinder double-acting two-stroke diesel engines. On 15 October, Admiral Graf Spee rendezvoused with Altmark to refuel and transfer prisoners; the following morning, the prize Huntsman joined the two ships. [30] At 06:08, the British spotted Admiral Graf Spee; Harwood divided his ships to split the gunfire of Admiral Graf Spee's 28 cm guns. This handsome volume provides a complete pictorial history and timeline of the first member of the class, Deutschland. [40], In February 2004, a salvage team began work raising the wreck of Admiral Graf Spee. Ten days later, however, Hitler ordered the men be exhumed and returned for burial in Germany. Authenticast Comet … [14] The same day, she stopped the neutral Danish steamer Kongsdal, though when it became apparent that she was headed for a neutral port, the prisoners from Lorentz W Hansen were placed aboard her and she was allowed to proceed. [13] By this time, Deutschland had moved south to hunt in the Bermuda-Azores sea lane. The formula adopted was six 11 inch guns in two triple turrets on a cruiser size hull with cruiser level protection and diesel propulsion for extended range. [1] Radar initially consisted of a FMG G(gO) "Seetakt" set; in 1942, a FuMO 26 set was also installed. [8] After joining the fleet, Admiral Graf Spee became the flagship of the German Navy. Between August 1936 and May 1937, the ship conducted three patrols off Spain. Between 18 April and 17 May 1939, she conducted another cruise into the Atlantic, stopping in the ports of Ceuta and Lisbon. Admiral Graf Spee encountered her last victim on the evening of 7 December: the freighter Streonshalh. With the construction of the first Deutschland class ‘pocket battleship’, the German Navy had broken new ground. A second shell struck the ship's deck and penetrated the upper and main armored decks; starting a fire in the cruiser's hospital and operating theater, killing two soldiers and severely wounding six others. [36] The water was shallow enough that her main deck was still 2 m (6 ft 7 in) above water, permitting her use as a stationary gun battery against advancing Soviet forces. [33] Most of the hits scored by the British cruisers caused only minor structural and superficial damage but the oil purification plant, which was required to prepare the diesel fuel for the engines, was destroyed. [12] On 21 August 1939, Admiral Graf Spee departed Wilhelmshaven, bound for the South Atlantic. On 3 July, the force left their anchorages, and in heavy fog Lützow and three destroyers ran aground and suffered significant damage. The Deutschland/ /Lutzow was the luckiest of the pocket battleships Germany constructed. German torpedo boats attacked the submarine and drove her off. [21], Shortly before midnight on the night of 8 April, Group 5, with Blücher in the lead, passed the outer ring of Norwegian coastal batteries. Lützow and the remaining three destroyers would then attack the undefended convoy from the south. [36][37] On 17 December 1939, Langsdorff ordered the destruction of all important equipment aboard the ship. [35], Lützow, sunk in the Kaiserfahrt, on 26 April, Hitler was furious over the failure to destroy the convoy, and ordered that all remaining German major warships be broken up for scrap. [37] The ultimate fate of Lützow was long unclear, as with most of the ships seized by the Soviet Navy. [10], Following the outbreak of war between Germany and the Allies in September 1939, Adolf Hitler ordered the German Navy to begin commerce raiding against Allied merchant traffic. At 06:20, Exeter returned fire, followed by Ajax at 06:21 and Achilles at 06:24. The closest heavy units—the carrier Ark Royal and battlecruiser Renown—were some 2,500 nmi (4,600 km; 2,900 mi) away, much too far to intervene in the situation. Actually, they are equivalent to armoured cruisers of an exceptionally powerful type." The vessel was named after Admiral Maximilian von Spee, commander of the East Asia Squadron who fought the battles of Coronel and the Falkland Islands, where he was killed in action, in World War I. Deutschland was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel on 5 February 1929, under the contract name Panzerschiff A, as a replacement for the old battleship Preussen. At the outbreak of World War II, she was cruising the North Atlantic, prepared to attack Allied merchant traffic. [2] The ship also carried a pair of quadruple 53.3 cm (21 in) deck-mounted torpedo tubes placed on her stern. The Admiral Hipper-class cruiser Lützow was designated for sale to the Soviet Navy, and it was hoped that the usage of her name for Deutschland would hide the transaction. In 1938, the 8.8 cm guns were removed, and six 10.5 cm (4.1 in) L/65 guns, four 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 guns, and ten 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 guns were installed in their place. All saw action in the Spanish Civil War (the Deutschland being bombed and suffering her first action casualties), all made raiding sorties in to the Atlantic, and all saw action with surface forces. [1], US Navy recognition drawing of Deutschland, Deutschland's primary armament was six 28 cm (11.0 in) SK C/28 guns mounted in two triple gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. [12] Hitler hoped to secure a negotiated peace with Britain and France after he overran Poland, and he therefore did not authorize Deutschland to begin her raiding mission against British and French shipping until 26 September. The Deutschland class armored ship were popularly called "pocket battleships". [17] Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, the commander in chief of the Kriegsmarine, made the decision to rename the ship, for several reasons. The British aircraft carriers HMS Hermes, Eagle, and Ark Royal, the French aircraft carrier Béarn, the British battlecruiser Renown, and French battleships Dunkerque and Strasbourg, and 16 cruisers were committed to the hunt. The German Navy worked around the Treaty of Versailles limitations to create this special group of steel warships. The crew effected emergency repairs that allowed her to return to Germany; repair work in Kiel lasted for six months. [1] Her keel was laid on 5 February 1929,[2] under construction number 219. [16] In the course of her raiding mission, she sank only two vessels and captured a third. [1], The ship also carried a pair of quadruple 53.3 cm (21.0 in) deck-mounted torpedo launchers placed on her stern. Unable to accommodate the crew from Huntsman, Admiral Graf Spee sent the ship to a rendezvous location with a prize crew. She had her aircraft catapult installed in this period, and was provided with two Heinkel He 60 floatplanes. She then participated in Operation Weserübung, the invasion of Norway. [8] She was completed slightly over a year and a half later on 6 January 1936, the day she was commissioned into the German fleet. Long range was critical, as Germany had no overseas bases. The main battery turrets had 140 mm (5.5 in) thick faces and 80 mm thick sides. Soon after the outbreak of the conflict in 1939, the Lutzow and Graf Spee were dispatched to the Atlantic to begin hunting the merchant vessels carrying vital supplies to sustain Britain during the war, and after surviving a British air attack that cost the RAF four bombers and did minimal dam… At a cruising speed of 18.69 knots (34.61 km/h; 21.51 mph), the ship had a range of 16,300 nautical miles (30,200 km; 18,800 mi). [27], She was recommissioned for service on 31 March 1941, after which the Kriegsmarine initially planned to send the ship on the commerce raiding operation planned the previous year. [39] The historian Hans Georg Prager examined the former Soviet archives in the early 2000s, and discovered that Lützow actually had been sunk in weapons tests in July 1947.[40]. [32] Lützow inadvertently came alongside Sheffield and Jamaica, and after identifying them as hostile, engaged them, though her fire remained inaccurate. [9], Deutschland quickly weighed anchor and left port. [2] Radar consisted of a FMG G(gO) "Seetakt" set;[5][a] Admiral Graf Spee was the first German warship to be equipped with radar equipment. Hitler, furious over the attack, ordered Admiral Scheer to bombard the port of Almería in retaliation for the so-called "Deutschland incident". [21] Newton Beech was too slow to keep up with Admiral Graf Spee, and so the prisoners were transferred to the cruiser. Lützow in Kiel after being torpedoed on her way back from Norway. PRE-WAR. Machinery comprised of twelve marine-type boilers powering three triple expansion steam engines, which turned three sh… She then turned north to the Halifax route, where on 9 October, she encountered the American ship City of Flint. [lower-alpha 1] In 1940, she was renamed Lützow, after the Admiral Hipper class heavy cruiser Lützow was handed over to the Soviet Union. Lützow's forward gun turret was hit by one of the 15 cm rounds, which disabled the center gun and damaged the right barrel. The torpedo boats Seeadler and Albatross escorted Deutschland to the island of Ibiza on 24 May. Cruisers ordered and funded by the third shell 31 German sailors and wounded 74 Wehrmachtbericht an! Damage Lützow sustained prompted the Kriegsmarine to order her to return to Germany for repairs German. A single hit that disabled her electrical system and rendered the ship finally orders! Top speed was 28 knots ( 52 km/h ; 32 mph ), at 54,000 shaft horsepower ( kW. 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