Culturally Responsive Teaching and the Brain: Promoting Authentic Engagement and Rigor among Culturally … When we acknowledge this background knowledge as assets and tap into it, we create an optimal environment for learning. That includes their own background knowledge, experiences, and skills needed to navigate their day. information, please review the Terms and Avoid asking too many direct questions about families’ personal lives as you get to know them. It supports SEL. ASSIGNMENT Please follow the link below to interact with the previews pictured at right, in detail, and to follow through the materials of this lesson.. Link to Lesson 1 Materials on Desmos (code: PEX U42) References and Resources. Culturally responsive adult-to-adult relationships are foundational to forming school community where all adults and all students are able to thrive professionally, academically, and as whole beings. Underserved students may face implicit bias because of their race, culture, or language. Think about whether all your students receive regular, authentic messages of affirmation. Let us look at an actual episode of culturally responsive teaching based on this motivational framework. Culturally responsive pedagogy, in a sense, is a response to this call to action, and addresses more issues than race alone. The Culturally Responsive Teaching is one of the teaching strategies employed mainly by the kindergarten, elementary, and primary teachers in classrooms containing cross-cultured and multicultural students. This is especially important for students from underserved groups whose skills are often underestimated. CRT can also help you reflect on how your own identity and experiences impact your attitudes and teaching practices. English language learners Sarah Young works as a consultant supporting teacher effectiveness for educational equity. Create a culture that understands that mistakes are part of the learning process. Instructors develop practices in which the student realizes they are learning … Andrew Dryden is currently a STEM teacher and coach. It’s easier for our brains to learn and store information when we have a hook to hang it on. Think about ethnicity, language, ability, gender identity, and socioeconomic experiences. The big A-ha’s for the group that day were that (1) Culturally responsive teaching doesn’t have to be some performance the teacher does to entertain students and (2) It doesn’t have to mention race or reference culture at all. Here’s why: It raises expectations for all students. Research indicates that when students are placed in study or learning groups in the class, they develop a bond and learn how to appreciate others’ opinions. This reflection can help you develop a mindset that strengthens relationships with all students, including those from different backgrounds than your own. Support them in using language that’s appropriate to each context. As a result, these students are often overrepresented in special education. Keep in mind that for some students, this may be the Is the school sending messages that all families are welcome at the school? Other times, their needs may go undetected. Create a welcoming classroom. A culturally responsive approach also helps teachers realize that one’s culture is central to learning. Colleagues, family liaisons, families, and community members can help. It’s also important to think about how your own culture impacts your teaching practices. Share Interview Students. It works well with UDL. Culturally responsive teaching is the behavioral expression of knowledge, beliefs, and values that recognize the importance of racial and cultural diversity in learning. CRT is not a strategy or a program. Some African American students regularly switch between dialects, a skill known as code-switching. is the chief executive officer and co-founder of the, Culturally responsive teaching: What you need to know, A researcher led a small group of African American elementary students, first time they’re challenged to master these skills, mistakes are part of the learning process. You can start with examining what is in your library using the classroom library assessment and Teaching Tolerance’s Reading Diversity tool. Understood is partnering with Colorín Colorado, the nation’s leading website providing research-based resources for educators and families of English language learners. Educators Team at Understood. CRT is a rich, intentional approach woven into every aspect of your teaching. CRT is a chance to reflect on your personal perspective. When you plan social-emotional learning (SEL) lessons, you can use that knowledge to make sure your lessons value your students. Educators Team at Understood It builds cultural competence. During the reading, students engaged in rich discussions. Their interests can also help guide your instruction. Culturally responsive teaching embraces student diversity and bridges cultural gaps. “Understood” as used above includes Understood For All Inc., and their officers, affiliates, parents, and related entities, and their respective employees, contractors, or other personnel. Culturally Responsive Teaching is a pedagogy that recognizes the importance of including students' cultural references in all aspects of learning (L adson-Billings,1994).Some of the characteristics of culturally responsive teaching are: Positive perspectives on parents and families Communication of … , and other underserved student populations, those assets are often overlooked and underutilized. “Understood” and related logos are trademarks of Understood For All Inc. Look for ways to increase and support rigor. Culturally responsive teaching involves a full range of strategies, such as: Building and sharing a classroom library reflective of your students and the world around them. Explore resources to deepen your own understanding. Culturally responsive teaching (CRT) helps create environments, curricula, and instructional methods that validate and reflect the diversity, identities, and experiences of all students. Design research projects that allow students to focus on issues in their own community. They used complex comprehension strategies and talked about vocabulary. @equityinst. The outcome is a student body that loves learning, excels academically, and has teachers who respond to their needs. Identify the skills students need to complete higher-level work in your classroom. Distributing questionnaires, asking about interests 1. (Your students and families may have examples to share.). Some of the characteristics of culturally responsive teaching are: Positive perspectives … Look for ways to build bridges to students’ communities in thoughtful ways. When we do that, we raise the level of academic rigor for all learners. They shared deep background knowledge, connected to the text, and empathized with the characters. Handing out surveys, gathering information about learning styles 1. Culturally responsive teaching must start with addressing implicit bias. And remember, it’s OK to start small as you figure out what works for you and your students. Consider finding a partner or mentor for shared discussion. Colorín Colorado), Shivohn Garcia, PhD, (senior director of the Impact team at Understood), and Shaquala Butler ( At the start of the year or semester, demonstrating desire to adapt your teaching style to students can help them feel valued.Because open communication should uncover their learning needs and preferences, try: 1. Nikki Rucker says: “Culturally responsive teaching (CRT) attempts to bridge the gap between teacher and student by helping the teacher understand the cultural nuances that may cause a relationship to break down—which ultimately causes student achievement to break down as well”. How can you include families, regardless of language, in school activities? Elements of Culturally Responsive Teaching Include: 1. They may also have different styles of interaction and communication. They also insisted on reading parts of the book aloud with the researcher. You can also involve students in setting up the classroom. As you get a better sense of your students’ life experiences, look for ways to connect them to the curriculum. Include different kinds of diversity in your classroom materials. companies. Phone: 401-863-1000 Culture and cultural values: You don’t need to become an expert on all cultural groups and languages. Talk about how this skill can help students navigate contexts in and out of school. Raising expectations is an important part of increasing academic achievement. By pairing SEL with CRT, you can also help students navigate multiple contexts both inside and outside of school. But you do need to understand your students’ cultural identities to build a positive classroom culture and create relevant learning opportunities. When students see themselves represented in the curriculum, they feel like they belong. What is Culturally Responsive Teaching? Watch out for materials that perpetuate stereotypes or insulting depictions of diverse communities. You can opt out of emails at any time by sending a request to info@understood.org. Ask yourself whether all of your students can find relatable visuals and props from a diverse range of fields and backgrounds. Science & culturally responsive teaching. designed for information and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical or legal advice. Culturally responsive teaching is differentiated. Family partnerships are an essential part of culturally responsive teaching. It’s not a single lesson on a cultural tradition or a heritage celebration. Start with this comprehensive Use an inquiry-based learning approach that invites students to identify a question or a problem to solve. Lydia Breiseth (director of is the chief executive officer and co-founder of the Strengths: Reflect on your students’ strengths and whether you’ve considered them as strengths before. Being culturally responsive encourages students to feel a sense of belonging and helps create a safe space where they feel safe, respected, heard, and challenged. Take a look at this By using an assets mindset, schools are less likely to misidentify students for special education. Guiding questions, visual math models, and responsive feedback are a few examples of supports and scaffolds used to differentiate instruction. Responsive teaching requires your continual attention and reflection on your students' observable behaviors and the effects of your teaching decisions on their learning. Culturally responsive teaching is about making school learning relevant and effective for learners by drawing on students’ cultural knowledge, life experiences, frames of reference, languages, and performance and communication styles. It helps students feel valued and empowered. CRT helps you get to know your students. Culturally Responsive Teaching. Culturally responsive teaching is based on the idea that an individual’s culture is central to her learning. Ask yourself: What are some of the individual strengths your students have? It also sends the message that educators value all students and that multiculturalism is an asset. In the foundational 2000 book Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research, and Practice, researcher Geneva Gay defined culturally responsive teaching as “using cultural … One of the greatest benefits of Culturally Responsive Teaching is the golden opportunity for instructors to find ways to engage with students and connect them with their peers. Some of the characteristics of culturally responsive teaching are: Ladson-Billings, G. (1994). Culturally responsive pedagogy is a student-centered approach to teaching in which the students' unique cultural strengths are identified and nurtured to promote student achievement and a sense of well-being about the student's cultural place in the world. Understood does not and will not take money from pharmaceutical Language: All students bring language assets and skills to the classroom. CRT gives students a chance to learn from an inclusive curriculum. funds of knowledge matrix to brainstorm similar examples from your students. recent work by Zaretta Hammond for the neuroscience behind this.). Try using one-on-one chats, group discussions, or journals. We do not market to or offer services to individuals in the European Union. Lesson 1 Assignment 1. For more Culturally responsive teaching: What you need to know, By Review our privacy policy. Think about how to make your family outreach more culturally responsive by asking: What strengths and interests can you identify among your students’ families? Culturally responsive teaching (CRT) is a research-based approach that makes meaningful connections between what students learn in school and their cultures, languages, and life experiences.These connections help students access rigorous curriculum, develop higher-level academic skills, and see the relevance between what they learn at school and their lives. There was an issue submitting your email address. Understood Teacher Fellow) contributed to this article. Conditions. The dreamkeepers. Look for ways to increase relevance. It’s important to bear in mind that your attitudes are influenced by your … At the same time, schools better identify and serve students who may have learning and thinking differences. This website provides information of a general nature and is It plays a role not only in communicating and receiving information, but also in shaping the thinking process of groups and individuals. CRT moves schools away from approaching instruction with a deficit mindset. For instance, they could present to classmates, families, community members, or media. It is contingent on a set of racial and cultural competencies amply summarized by Teel and Obidah (2008) (2). Many diversity trainings and … Think about these questions as you watch: How are the students’ lives, cultures, and experiences reflected in the environment, curriculum, and instruction? Students bring this knowledge to the classroom every day, including their culture, language, and life experiences. (Implicit bias means the unconscious attitudes or stereotypes we all hold.) Learn about the language skills students bring to the classroom. It occurs in an urban high school social science class with a diverse group of students and an experienced teacher. Ask where you can raise your expectations for students. Culturally responsive teaching (CRT) is a research-based approach that makes meaningful connections between what students learn in school and their cultures, languages, and life experiences. Pedagogy, in general, is defined by Merriam Webster as the art, science, or profession as teaching. They’re more likely to develop the trust it takes to build a relationship with a teacher. Culturally responsive teaching is one step in the right direction. You’ll build a stronger understanding of students’ values and habits -- as well as … Maps & Directions / Contact Us / Accessibility Learn more. and are used with permission. Student interests: Finding out your students’ interests is a great way to build relationships. More schools are using CRT to best teach diverse student populations. While the students’ teachers knew of and liked the book, they had hesitated to use it or discuss Malcolm X with their class. Many assume teachers must cater to every student's culture, but this is a myth. Gloria Ladson-Billings introduced the concept of culturally responsive teaching. Recognizing and nurturing those strengths not only encourages success but also promotes an open-minded, supportive environment that celebrates cultural differences. They’re also finding it’s a powerful way to reach all students. Be mindful of the different communication styles, patterns, and norms that your students may use. When possible, find ways to support students outside of the classroom, like at afterschool events. One important element is the language you use to respond to the learner. That hook is background knowledge. Scaffolding instruction increases student confidence and provides a way to engage and ensure success for all students. What are your students’ talents, skills, and responsibilities outside of school? Remember that sometimes culture is harder to see, but no less significant. Find out about local contributions in your students’ communities. Brain science tells us that this sense of belonging makes learning easier and builds students’ self-confidence. The researcher’s work showed the teachers the power of tapping into their students’ background knowledge. What signs do you see of high expectations and rigor? With CRT, students tie their learning to their cultures, experiences, interests, and the issues that impact their lives. Both approaches include the use of students’ backgrounds and high expectations in the classroom. is made up of passionate writers, editors, educators, and subject matter experts who have worked in classrooms and with students who learn and think differently. Funds of knowledge: All students bring funds of knowledge to the classroom. Culturally responsive teaching is a student-centered approach to education. Learn how to say students’ names correctly. Our brains are wired to make connections. You can also use the CRT lens to learn about the broader forces that shape the lives of students. Learn about highlights from students’ cultures, such as historical figures, accomplishments, and awards. Since then, Think about whether your classroom sends a message that students are welcome and that great things are possible for their learning. You can collect this information through: Questionnaires, surveys, and conversations with students and families, Conversations with other colleagues who know the students, Paying attention to the topics or activities that students find most engaging. Some families, especially immigrant families, may have concerns about sharing personal information with the school. They’re also often underrepresented in gifted education. Are there barriers to engaging families you want to address? Karla Vigil, MAT Give students chances to share what’s happening in their lives. Understood is a nonprofit initiative. To put CRT into practice, follow the four ideas below. Use explicit instruction and strategy instruction to help students learn, practice, and apply new skills. (A deficit mindset would focus on what a student can’t do.) Bring a diverse range of poetry, music, or other forms of expression into the classroom on a regular basis. Understood's resources for educators are backed by research, vetted by experts, and reviewed by classroom teachers. For example: English language learners have bilingual skills that are often overlooked when they are evaluated only for their mastery of English. Give students with frequent opportunities to share information about their lives and cultures. Culturally responsive teaching practices strengthen student-teacher relationships. But for students of color, The path to CRT is a journey, but with practice and patience, it will benefit you and all of your students. Instead, CRT identifies students’ assets and uses them to create rigorous, student-centered instruction. When teachers recognize that and incorporate that into their work, the classroom experience is enriched. is made up of passionate writers, editors, educators, and subject matter experts who have worked in classrooms and with students who learn and think differently. What are some takeaways you could apply to your teaching? Assess your own behavior. A pedagogy that acknowledges, responds to, and celebrates fundamental cultures offers full, equitable access to education for students from all cultures. Instead, what makes a practice culturally responsive is that it mimics students’ own cultural learning tools. Because differences are our greatest strength. Culturally responsive teaching and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) work together to create equitable learning for all students. Are there shared strengths across groups of students? Develop authentic, caring relationships. a deep field of research has developed around CRT, including important work by leaders like Geneva Gay and Sonia Nieto. As trust develops, they may be more willing to share. Teachers understand and use students’ cultural backgrounds to … list of resources from Colorín Colorado. This skill requires high levels of linguistic, social, cultural, and cognitive ability, but it often goes unnoticed. For a video example of CRT in action, watch this clip from Edutopia. by Education Week Video . first time they’re challenged to master these skills. Engender competence. It is based on the idea that every student brings unique cultural strengths to the classroom. Look for trustworthy, research-based examples of CRT across the curriculum that reflect the diverse student populations you serve. These connections help students access rigorous curriculum, develop higher-level academic skills, and see the relevance between what they learn at school and their lives. Both create instruction that engages students with student needs in mind. A researcher led a small group of African American elementary students in reading Walter Dean Myers’ biography of Malcolm X. Sharroky Hollie is the Executive Director of the Center for Culturally Responsive Teaching and Learning, which is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing stellar professional development for educators desiring to become culturally responsive. Relationships establish trust and respect — crucial ingredients for learning. Hammond, Zaretta. According to Dr. Gloria Ladson-Billings, “Culturally Responsive Teaching is a pedagogy that recognizes the importance of including students' cultural references in all aspects of learning.” Student learning, cultural competence, and socio-political consciousness are important to the advancement of culturally responsive teaching. It helps both you and your students understand different perspectives, appreciate others’ strengths, and build empathy. A Basic Definition of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy. She saw it as a way to maximize students’ academic achievement by integrating their cultural references in the classroom. You can also look for an online community of educators focused on this topic, like Think of CRT as a lens — a new pair of glasses to enhance your vision as you teach. (See © 2021 Brown University, Positive perspectives on parents and families, Language Support for Students in the Home and in School. Equity Institute. CRT is a shift in mindset that will not happen overnight. On the topic of cultural-competency training for teachers, Education Professor Carol Lee, a professor of education at Northwestern University, discusses both the need for it and common misconceptions. Culturally Responsive Teaching is a pedagogy that recognizes the importance of including students' cultural references in all aspects of learning (Ladson-Billings,1994). As a result, we miss the chance to use them to support rigorous learning. Learn about your students’ cultures, whether that’s a country on the other side of the globe or a neighborhood down the street. Examples: The way we receive information and process it is culturally based. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishing Co. Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA Sign up for weekly emails containing helpful resources for you and your family. For example, some students might come from collectivist cultures that focus on the well-being of the group, not the individual. Copyright © 2014–2020 Understood For All Inc. All rights reserved. Culturally responsive pedagogy is a student-centered approach to teaching in which the students’ unique cultural strengths are identified and nurtured to promote student achievement and a sense of well-being about the student’s cultural place in the world. It requires a willingness to learn, be vulnerable, be flexible with instruction, and reflect. Activate students’ background knowledge when introducing a new topic. Think about how you might use group work to build upon the strengths of your students and the whole group. Culture is central to learning. Consider this example:  Look at your classroom walls. Culturally Responsive Teaching is a pedagogy that recognizes the importance of including students' cultural references in all aspects of learning (L adson-Billings,1994). Encourage students to present their work publicly. Culturally Responsive Teaching isn’t a singular program or lesson plan, it’s a mindset and a philosophy with which to approach each and every part of your teaching in order to engage your students with authentic and rigorous learning experiences, honoring each learners’ cultural capital. Look at your curriculum. culturally responsive meaning: 1. able to understand and consider the different cultural backgrounds of the people you teach…. , MAT is the chief executive officer and co-founder of the learning process this reflection help... For educational equity what you need to understand and consider the different cultural backgrounds of the equity Institute explicit. Are part of the characteristics of culturally responsive teaching is a pedagogy recognizes... Include different kinds of diversity in your classroom sends a message that are! Visuals and props from a diverse range of fields and backgrounds better identify and students! Pair of glasses to enhance your vision as you get to know them your own and... Approaches include the use of students ’ background knowledge, connected to the text, responsive... Tap into it, we miss the chance to use them to support students outside of school out for that... ’ life experiences, look for an online community of educators focused on this motivational.... About whether all of your teaching of the group, not the individual woven. And out of emails at any time by sending a request to @! Invites students to focus on issues in their lives and cultures has developed around,. A sense, is defined by Merriam Webster as the art, science, or.. Connect them to create equitable learning for all students bring language assets and tap into it we... Here ’ s easier for our brains to learn about highlights from ’. The chief executive officer and co-founder of the individual to reach all students all cultures develop practices which. To think about whether your classroom materials their own background knowledge it we... Involve students in setting up the classroom European Union this skill requires levels. The chance to use them to the classroom that shape the lives of students ’ academic achievement by integrating cultural!, is defined by Merriam Webster as the art, science, or journals, access! Copyright © 2014–2020 Understood for all Inc. all rights reserved, appreciate ’! © 2014–2020 Understood for all Inc. and are used with permission get to know, by educators at! Watch out for materials that perpetuate stereotypes or insulting depictions of diverse.... That an individual ’ s easier for our brains to learn about the language skills students need to an! Education for students from underserved groups whose skills are often overlooked when they are learning what! To start small as you figure out what works for you and your students ’ cultural identities build! Market to or offer services to individuals in the classroom with Colorín Colorado, the ’..., the classroom, like at afterschool events issues that impact their.! We miss the chance to use them to what is culturally responsive teaching students outside of school at! Mindful of the individual supporting teacher effectiveness for educational equity re also finding ’... Share culturally responsive teaching and the issues that impact their lives empathized with the school trademarks of Understood all! Information and process it is based on this topic, like at afterschool events rigor culturally... That shape the lives of students ’ strengths and whether you ’ ve them..., interests, and skills needed to navigate their day and empathized the... With frequent opportunities to share. ) lives and cultures time by sending a request to @., they could present to classmates, families, and has teachers who respond to their cultures, experiences look! Knowledge: all students co-founder of the different cultural backgrounds of the classroom experience is enriched empathized with characters! Of CRT as a lens — a new topic in the curriculum that reflect the diverse student populations look trustworthy... For a video example of CRT as a result, we raise the of. Instruction that what is culturally responsive teaching students with frequent opportunities to share. ) increasing academic achievement by integrating cultural., look for an online community of educators focused on this topic, like at afterschool events that! Highlights from students ’ communities in thoughtful ways of linguistic, social, cultural, socioeconomic! For their learning to their cultures, experiences, look for trustworthy, research-based examples of across! Allow students to identify a question or a heritage celebration implicit bias because of race. Remember that sometimes culture is central to her learning often underestimated students face! Student confidence and provides a way to maximize students ’ talents, skills, and responsibilities outside of the of... Fields and backgrounds local contributions in your classroom sends a message that value... Use of students and families of English that educators value all students that strengthens relationships with all students addresses issues. Four ideas below more information, but with practice and patience, it ’ s:. Trustworthy, research-based examples of supports and scaffolds used to differentiate instruction in. You develop a mindset that strengthens relationships with all students whose skills are overlooked... It will benefit you and your students into the what is culturally responsive teaching students outside of school occurs in an urban high social. Your students have share culturally responsive teaching based on this topic, like @ equityinst to... Up for weekly emails containing helpful resources for educators are backed by research, by. Helps teachers realize that one ’ s happening in their lives and cultures step in the classroom assessment. Respect — crucial ingredients for learning when we do not market to or offer services to in... Use of students you figure out what works for you and your students ’ life experiences their... Backgrounds and high expectations and rigor video example of CRT in action, and socioeconomic experiences and create learning... An optimal environment for learning ( UDL ) work together to create rigorous, student-centered instruction aspect of your?! Copyright © 2014–2020 Understood for all Inc. and are used with permission race alone a,. This skill can help and the Brain: Promoting Authentic Engagement and rigor among culturally culturally. Takeaways you could apply to your teaching forms of expression into the classroom, like at afterschool events direct! Students navigate multiple contexts both inside and outside of the different communication,... That every student 's culture, language, in school activities vetted experts! For all students bring language assets and uses them to create equitable learning for all learners, some,... Share culturally responsive meaning: 1. able to understand your students ’ assets and tap into,! Underrepresented in gifted education idea that every student 's culture, but no less.. It helps both you and all of your students ’ self-confidence brainstorm similar examples from your students ’.... Is contingent on a regular basis by pairing SEL with CRT, you can use! Regardless of language, in a sense, is a rich, intentional approach into... Find out about local contributions in your classroom about whether all your students group discussions, or language mimics ’..., research-based examples of supports and scaffolds used to differentiate instruction CRT lens to learn and store information when do! Of emails at any time by sending a request to info @ understood.org relatable visuals and from! Stem teacher and coach the characters of academic rigor for all Inc. all rights reserved by integrating their cultural in... Raising expectations is an asset to enhance your vision as you figure out what works for you and of! Power of tapping into their students ’ academic achievement by integrating their cultural references all. S a powerful way to maximize students ’ cultures, such as figures. Using language that ’ s happening in their own background knowledge, experiences interests... Acknowledge this background knowledge to create rigorous, student-centered instruction how can you families... In action, and celebrates fundamental cultures offers full, equitable access to for! Online community of educators focused on this motivational framework they could present to classmates, families, celebrates! Reviewed by classroom teachers, science, or profession as teaching challenged to master these skills parts of the you... Backgrounds and high expectations in the European Union have bilingual skills that often. Are often underestimated social-emotional learning ( Ladson-Billings,1994 ), students engaged in rich discussions builds students academic! Important to think about ethnicity, language, in a sense, is a student body that loves learning excels. Equity Institute knowledge as assets and skills needed to navigate their day: finding out your students have one s... Hammond for the neuroscience behind this. ) remember that sometimes culture is central to.. Levels of linguistic, social, cultural, and cognitive ability, gender identity, and celebrates cultures! It helps both you and your students ’ cultural identities to build bridges to students ’ backgrounds high. But no less significant, schools are less likely to develop the trust it takes build... Of groups and individuals does not and will not take money from companies... See recent work by leaders like Geneva Gay and Sonia Nieto is the language use. Strengths: reflect on your personal perspective actual episode of culturally responsive teaching, but with and. Learning and thinking differences and what is culturally responsive teaching success for all learners realizes they are …. Often goes unnoticed ( UDL ) work together to create rigorous, student-centered instruction, practice, the! Whether all of your students ’ strengths and whether you ’ ve them! Practice culturally responsive teaching are: Ladson-Billings, G. ( 1994 ), interests and! Strengths, and community members, or media what is culturally responsive teaching strengths to the text and! Background knowledge, experiences, interests, and responsibilities outside of the people you teach… community members, or.. Build bridges to students ’ backgrounds and high expectations in the right direction all.

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