Like a funnel directing sand into a bottle, a watershed directs water from the surrounding land into a river, bay, lake, etc. Basin perimeter is the outer boundary of the watershed that enclosed its area. The anthropological activities on any watershed cause resources imbalance that eventually affects the watershed performance. Strahler (1952) system of ordering streams has been followed in general because of its simplicity where the smallest, un-branched fingertip streams are designated as 1st order, the confluence of two 1st order channels give a channel segments of 2nd order, two 2nd order streams join to form a segment of 3rd order and so on. Data collection Usually a watershed is defined as the area that appears, on the basis of topography, to contribute all the water that passes through a given point of a stream. Mixed - a combination of two or more of the previous classifications. Miller (1953) has described the basin of the circularity ratios range 0.4 to 0.5, which indicates strongly elongated and highly permeable homogenous geologic materials. The size of rivers and basins varies greatly with the order of the basin. Singh, V. P. (1992). This usually leads to increased infiltration, increased erosion, and/or decreased runoff. Classification of Watershed. 5.2.1.2 Medium Watersheds: Being medium in size, the workability in these watersheds are easy due to accessible approach. A watershed is a basin-like landform defined by highpoints and ridgelines that descend into lower elevations and stream valleys. Watershed defined 2.1.1. Relief Ratio (Rh) Even though the procedure and data is correct but this is happening due to presence of small hills on the perimeter of watershed. No minimum velocity 3. Bernhard Preim, Charl Botha, in Visual Computing for Medicine (Second Edition), 2014. Below is a listing of IIHR’s technical reports. Basin area, basin length, basin slope, and basin shape are the physical characteristics of watersheds, significantly affecting the characteristics of runoff and other hydrologic processes. Science > Physics > Circular Motion > Characteristics Let us understand the concept of circular motion by the question-answer method. The channel networks and channel phase are well-developed, and, thus, channel storage is dominant. Watershed geomorphology refers to the study of the characteristics, configuration and evolution of land forms and properties; developing physical characteristics of the watershed. 5.4.2.1 Channel Order: The first-order streams are defined as those channels that have no tributaries. characteristics. When the size of watershed is bigger , there will be more heterogeneity . For Higher Geography learn how to interpret a hydrograph and explore the effects soil/rock type, slope, vegetation and other factors have on hydrographs. The details of the morphometric analysis and comparison of drainage basin characteristics of Kosigi watershed are presented in Table 1. Watershed Characteristics The Pelican Lakes are glacial lakes formed during the last ... 1 is the smallest possible value and indicates a lake that is perfectly circular. Usually, these watersheds receive high rainfall, mostly of cyclonic type, do not have channel control in flow, and are vulnerable to severe local flooding. – Watershed slope reflects the rate of change of elevation with respect to distance along the principal flow path. Basin relief is the elevation difference of the highest and lowest point of the valley floor. (Source: http://www.fgmorph.com/fg_4_8.php). Module 9: Sediment Yield Estimation/Measurement fr... Module 10: Rainwater Conservation Technologies and... Module 11: Water Budgeting in a Watershed. This article presents general watershed/morphometric characteristics associated with the watershed which is located near Kosigi village in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India. This is the essence of soil and water conservation. A survey of land forms will result in a better understanding of the erosion process, hazards. Prof. G. Jai Sankar Overland flow and land phase are prominent. * Corresponding author THE STUDY OF WATERSHED TOPOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS IN VAKHSH. The total length of individual stream segments of each order is the stream length of that order. Relief ratio is defined as the ratio between the total relief of a basin i.e. In these watersheds, the water table is high, and saltwater intrusion threatens the health of coastal aquifers, which usually are a source of the fresh water supply. Shape: Watershed may have several shapes like square triangular rectangular, oval, palm, fern leaf shape etc. However, the main classification of watershed is discussed broadly on the basis of size and land use. Lesson 6 Importance of Watershed Properties for Wa... Module 4: Hydrologic Data for Watershed Planning, Module 5: Watershed Delineation and Prioritization, Module 6: Water Yield Assessment and Measurement. 1. An elliptical watershed having the outlet at one end of the major axis and having the same area as the circular watershed would cause the runoff to be spread out over time, thus producing a smaller flood peak than that of the circular watershed. 5.2.2.5 Desert Watershed: There is little to virtually no vegetation in desert watersheds. The City of Ojai lies entirely within the watershed, 13 miles inland at an elevation of 746 feet. Infiltration Number (If) Horton, R.E. In other words, a watershed describes an area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers that all drain into a single larger body of water, such as a larger river, a lake or an ocean. Elongation Ratio (Re) A circular watershed would result in runoff from various parts of the watershed reaching the outlet at the same time. Other characteristics such as size, shape, drainage density of watershed can be analysed using Google Maps API. While the general relationship between catchment characteristics and observed hydrologic response has been widely examined, the use of an array of morph metric parameters and multiple hydrologic response values have been limited especially in the Philippines. Title Authors Date 493 CFD Validation for Surface Combatant 5415… ... A more circular watershed shape has been associated with degraded water quality primarily due to greater risk of a more frequently destabilized channel. In India, most of the watersheds are of mixed nature of characteristics, where agriculture, forest, settlements (urban and rural) etc. – Areal Aspect: two dimensions 5.2.2.7 Marsh or Wetland Watershed: Such lands are almost flat and are comprised of swamps, marshes, water courses, etc. Major Characteristics of Circular Economy. As water is no limiting factor to satisfy evaporative demand, evaporation is dominant. The elevation difference may not necessarily be the maximum elevation difference within the watershed since the point of highest elevation may occur along a side boundary of the watershed rather than at the end of the principal flow path. A watershed is an area of land that drains all the streams and rainfall to a common outlet such as the outflow of a reservoir, mouth of a bay, or any point along a stream channel. 1. An elliptical watershed having the outlet at one end of the major axis and having the same area as the circular watershed would cause the runoff to be spread out over time, thus producing a smaller flood peak than that of the circular watershed. Basin Perimeter (P) Hyderabad -India There are two main factors which effects watershed analysis. Linear Aspect: The drainage network transport water and the sediments of a basin through a single outlet, which is marked as the maximum order of the basin and conventionally the highest order stream available in the basin considered as the order of the basin. Subbasin Characteristics. It is also known as watershed area, drainage area, drainage basin or simply basin or catchment. (2005) Check dam positioning by prioritization of micro-watersheds using SYI model and morphometric analysis – Remote Sensing and GIS perspective. Consequently, when it rains, the water is held by the trees and the ground cover provided greater opportunity to infiltrate. Hydrologically, approximately 48% group B (moderate infiltration, moderate runoff) and 47% group C (low infiltration, high runoff) soils. Conceptually the basin length is the distance traveled by the surface drainage and sometimes more appropriately labeled as hydrologic length. Drainage density is a better quantitative expression to the dissection and analysis of landform, Texture Ratio (Rt) Rees, D. (1986). Along with the surface characteristics of a watershed, the channel characteristics are important in transiting the runoff water from the overland region to channels (streams) and also from the channel of one order (primary) to the other higher order (e.g. The drainage frequency introduced by Horton (1932, p. 357 and 1945, p. 285) means stream frequency (or channel frequency) Fs as the number of stream segments per unit area. 5.2. (Source: Rees, 1986). Study of watershed/morphometric characteristics: Morphometric analysis is refers as the quantitative evaluation of form characteristics of the earth surface and any landform unit. Indian Soc. Drainage Density (Dd) Rappold, J.A. The watershed classification based on the land use can be given as below. Size [area] Abstract Watershed characteristics primarily determine the hydrologic response of catchments and river basins. Sandeep Kumar Yadav, Alok Dubey, Sudhir Kumar Singh, Diwakar Yadav, Spatial regionalisation of morphometric characteristics of mini watershed of Northern Foreland of Peninsular India, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 10.1007/s12517-020-05365-z, 13, 12, (2020). Rather than size, shape of the watershed plays a dominant role. As drainage systems are artificially built, the natural pattern of water flow is substantially altered. A large numbers of terms are very frequently and loosely used to classify watershed in different sizes [based on size] a. Micro watersheds b. small watersheds c. Large watersheds, etc Small watersheds: “Small watersheds are those where the overland flow is the main contributor to peak runoff / flow and channel characteristic do not affect the overland flow”. Physiographical Characteristics All the above characteristics affect the pattern of disposal of stream flow 4. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. The watershed length is therefore measured along the principal flow path from the watershed outlet to the basin boundary. 5.2.2.3 Mountainous Watershed: Because of higher altitudes, such watersheds receive considerable snowfall. A watershed embraces all its natural and artificial (man-made) features, including its surface and subsurface features, climate and weather patterns, geologic and topographic settings, soils and vegetation characteristics, and land use (shown in figure 5.1). Daily discrete rainfall data were collected from weather stations in the study area and analyzed through lowess method for smoothing curve. It rises towards south at an altitude of 1020 m of Satpura hills of Dindori district in Madhya Pradesh, India (Fig. 5.2.2.8 Mixed Watershed: These are the watersheds, where multiple land use/land cover exists either because of natural settings or due to a combination of natural and human interaction activities. These are as follows: DEM: A 30 meter DEM likely to be too coarse to provide detailed topographic features for geomorphic and hydrologic modeling. Length of Overland Flow (Lo) A circular watershed would result in runoff from various parts of the watershed reaching the outlet at the same time. 5.2) -, The greatest straight-line distance between any two points on the perimeter, The greatest distance between the outlet and any point on the perimeter, The length of the main stream from its source (projected to the perimeter) to the outlet, Fig. Bifurcation ratio is defined as the ratio between the number of streams of a particular order to the number of streams of one higher order. The watershed with high form factors have high peak flows of shorter duration, whereas elongated watershed with low form factor ranges from 0.42 indicating them to be elongated in shape and flow for longer duration. For example, the stream area for first-order streams would be delineated by measuring the drainage area for each first-order channel. Singh et al. Visakhapatnam -India, Protection, improvement and rehabilitation of watersheds are of critical importance in the achievement of overall development goals. There is limited groundwater recharge due to occurrence of less rainfall in these watersheds. The relation between mainstream length and drainage-basin area for small watershed is given below; where Lb is in km and A in km2. Drainage texture is one of the important concept of geomorphology which means that the relative spacing of drainage lines. watershed planning since it gives an idea about the basin characteristics regarding slope, topography, soil condition, runoff characteristics, surface water potential, etc. Dt is total number of stream segments of all orders per perimeter of that area (Horton, 1945). Watershed Characteristics Each and every watershed has distinct characteristics of its own. The equation is applied in the form of water-balance equation to a geographical region, in order to establish the basic hydrologic characteristics of the region. The high values of Rh indicate steep slope and high relief and vice-versa. If there is no existing information, a brief survey is required. It’s a circular, relational process of levelling up, nudging all attributes of the system in parallel. The 10-85 slope is often more representative of flowpath slopes as a whole within the watershed as it is not affected by the more extreme upstream elevations of the longest flowpath that are typically ... with lower values representing elongated basins and values close to 1 representing circular basins. Characteristics of Watershed - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Definition. Miller (1953) has described the basin of the circularity ratios range 0.4 to 0.5, which indicates strongly elongated and highly permeable homogenous geologic materials. SENADEERA K.P.G.W, PIYASIRI S, NANDALAL K.D.W The evaluation of Morphmetric Characteristics of Kotmale Reservoir catchment using GIS as a tool, Sri Lanka, Get it delivered to your mailbox every Monday. For instance, a valley at youth stage will have more active erosion than one at old stage. The measurement follows a path where the greatest volume of water would generally travel. – to rehabilitate the watershed through proper land use and protection/conservation measures in order to minimise erosion and increase the productivity of the land and the income of the farmers; The most common and important channel characteristics of the watersheds are: The quantification of these physical and geomorphologic properties of watershed/basin are important for estimating the watershed hydrologic processes. When two channel of different order join then the higher order is maintained. Rambabu Palaka It is observed that the shape of these watersheds are nearly circular, less elongated with gentle slope. – Data vertical accuracy is of 8m at 90% confidence Watershed characteristics such as size, slope, shape, drainage density, land use/land cover, geology and soils, and vegetation are important factors affecting various aspects of runoff. The soil is mostly sandy and little annual rainfall occurs. KEY WORDS: ZY3-DSM, … GIS-based approach facilitates analysis of different morphometric parameters of watershed delineated based on DEM data. The Horton-Strahler ordering scheme. var s=d.createElement('script');s.async=1;s.src=u+'? The input data used for this analysis is downloaded from Open Data Archive (CartoDEM) of ISRO’s Bhuvan website. Data Used and Methodology In this article, we shall study the characteristics of different physical quantities associated with a circular motion and the concept of Uniform Circular Motion (UCM). KULDEEP PARETA, UPASANA PARETA (2011) Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of a Watershed of Yamuna Basin, India using ASTER (DEM) Data and GIS. Depression storage is also increased by agricultural operations. 5.2.2.1 Agricultural Watershed: Agricultural watershed is the watershed in which agricultural activities (crop cultivation) is dominant. Stream areas are those areas that would constitute the area draining to a predetermined point in the stream or outlet. A circular watershed would result in runoff from various parts of the watershed reaching the outlet at the same time. The basin geomorphology plays an important role in the transition of water from the overland region to channels (streams) and also from the channel of one order to the other. Linear and areal features have been considered as the two dimensional aspect lie on a plan. – Source of data is ISRO’s Geoportal (bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in) Abstract Das, G. (2000). 5.4.2.5 Drainage Density: Drainage density (Dd) is the measure of closeness of drainage spacing. For example, the total area drained by the Mississippi River constitutes its drainage basin, whereas that part of the Mississippi River drained by the Ohio River is the Ohio’s drainage basin. Thus, the first-order channels are the shortest of all the channels and the length increases geometrically as the order increases. As the raindrops roll over plants, their speed slows down. Compactness Coefficient is used to express the relationship of a hydrologic basin to that of a circular basin having the same area as the hydrologic basin. Since most of the runoff contributing to the peak flow was found to emanate from the lower half of the drainage, a measure of watershed eccentricity utilizing easily measured properties in that … watershed geomorphometric parameters (2011). Function of watershed: The main function of watershed is to receive the ... Large watershed characteristics are topography, geology, soil, climate and use and vegetation. Size - Size of watershed is important characteristics of watershed as it regulates the heterogeneity within the watershed . According to Schumm (1965), ‘elongation ratio’ is defined as the ratio of diameter of a circle of the same area as the basin to the maximum basin length. 5.3 Watershed Characteristics: Physical and Geomorphologic Characteristics associated with Watersheds. of basin of different order. Basin length, Lb, is the longest dimension of a basin parallel to its principal drainage channel and Basin width can be measured in a direction approximately perpendicular to the length measurement.

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